1844.] 



THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 



C83 



THE TRUE FASTOLFF RASPBERRY. j 



yOUELL and CO, beg to announce they will again 

 be able to supply fine caues of the above truly excellent 

 tariety, unequalled for the size of its Fruit and richness of fla- 

 vour ; prices as follow : — 



Packages containing 100 Canes .^200 



Ditto „ 5*0 „ . 110 



i 3 Ditto „ 25 „ . 12 



Further particulars will appear in future Advertisements. 



Voikll and Co. feel it due to themselves to state that a spu- 

 rious kind was offered for sale by other parties last season, 

 under the title of ♦'Fastolff Etaspbeny," the same having no 

 pretensions to the genuine variety. 



Great Yarmouth Nursery, Oct. in, 1844. 



■ !._ -^ - ^^^_-^^— _— . * , ^ - ■ ^ — ■ ^ ^^^— ■ 



one man's hands every cut I g strikes; in another 1 -^hort of these dimensions. Its wood is very compact 

 they all die. What one pronounces it impossible to resinous, and fragrant, capable of receiving so very high 



propagate at all, another never fails with. Give j a polish that it has been compared to brown agate, and 



Schykoffsky a willow leaf and he produces you a Jt ha8 been found perfectly sound in the roofs of temples 



couple of plants; give Grumble a willow branch in India which cou!d not have st °od less than 200 years. 



The average yearly growth of the plant four or five years 

 ->!d in Morayshire, is from 10 to 12 inches ; the fea- 



couple of plants; give Grumble a willow branc 

 and he contrives to kill it. 



The English, with all their skill as gardeners, are 

 certainly not the most celebrated as propagators ; for 

 although we here and there find a first-rate hand 



% f)MSTat > t^ettgrg , Cfjronit le 



SATURDA Y, OCTOBER 12, 1844. 



MEETING FO» T ;; E tw0 iz^nm WEEKS . 



}V™-Z7»AT, Oct. 16 Mieiwropval 

 BAtubday, Oct. 26 Royal Botanic 



8 P.M. 

 4 P.M. 



Is there half a dozen persons who ever looked into 

 •that most curious book, " A Philosophical Treatise 

 of Husbandry and Gardening ; being a New Method 

 of Cultivating and Increasing all sorts of Trees 

 Shrubs, and Flowers. By G. A. Agricola, M.D.' 

 and Doctor in Philosophy at Ratisbon," of which an 

 English translation appeared in 1721 ? We doubt it. 

 And we presume that the few who have ever looked 

 at it have closed it again with the conviction that it 

 is an imposition from beginning to end. There are, 

 however, things in that book which laid the founda- 

 tion of the most recondite processes employed in 

 the multiplcation of plants. Agricola may 

 indeed be regarded, notwithstanding his lies and 

 exaggerations, as the father of the art and mystery 

 of propagation. He maintained that all plants may 

 be multiplied by portions of every part of the stems, 

 leaves, and roots. 



"A query," he says, "was once proposed in an 

 assembly, viz., An dctur modus artificialis universalis 

 imdliplicandi cirboresetfmtices distributive sumplos ?— 



Whether there be such a thing as a universal way of 

 multiplying trees and shrubs in a distributive sense ? 

 There was one who presently answered that such a 

 thing might be reckoned among the Non entia, and 

 was such another fiction as that of Bellerophon ; hut 

 I hope I shall, through care and diligence, bring the 

 matter so far as to convince those incredulous per- 

 sons, not by words only, but by real experiments." 

 And then he goes on to explain how such ends are 

 to be attained. 



His great panacea was what he called Vegetable 

 Mummy, a mixture of gum copal, and Venice tur- 

 pentine, into which the fragments to be operated 

 on were to be plunged. And a hastv reader would 

 suppose that this was all that Dr. Agricola relied 

 upon. Lut the true principles of multiplication were 

 v>ell understood by him, and distinctly explained : 

 ins mummy was only an accessory in the operation! 



„ *T exam P le ' the Allowing passages:— 



that a v/?* -' fr0m , a great ma "y experiments, 

 !l a J'f ^ J° lnt or sho °t has in itself at the same 



thery lightness of its spreading branches, and the beau- 

 tiful silvery hue of its leaves, render it even when young 



..m^^iu*- „* t_ r _ .t _ . ." — ",~"~ extremely ornamental; and all travellers who hav" —- 



among the.n, yet he forms the exception, and not the ► the tree full-grown in its native - 



rule. We onee knew a man who flattered himself! unites an extm— J ' - - vCtt 



that he was a capital gardener because he erew ' ' • „. - /• uun T» agree that it 



Grapes pretty well ; and yet, w*- ' , min ltg beantr"" Tcli, >7£ I'ST* ' nd grir,deur 



Pine-tree wa<~;- • • ... u me cone V a bga ^ — /• G, yor, Fo rres* series. 



" ' m -»««! mm, the only notion he had of ^ « THE NEA POLlTAN VIOLET. 

 uuMimng ai:y live thing from it was to sow it - THIS J I9 , one of our loveliest winter flowers, if rightly 

 whole as he received it. This honest man mfeht he ?™ a & e \ h . n * th , is \ fear is ; se,dotn the case; and the 

 a Grape-grower, but he was no gardener. lt?s true ,!!../ ? • l f ke P lac £ a,v > ' Whend, chiefly through 

 that he wore a blue apron, and talked much VbnZ , °Jf*»o<to«. Forcing, in the strict sense of the 



ttwWS.t „m L__> V m l ? 1Ke amuch about word, will by no means agree with them, more especially 



himself at village meetings, but the unlucky Pine- 

 cone showed him up. When the ass put on the 

 I Hon s skin, he would have passed as the very monarch 

 of the forest if his braying had not betrayed him. 



J\ow the science of propagation is one of the 

 finest parts of gardening. It is the most pregnant 

 with useful consequences, and it is the surest test of 

 real knowledge of the profession. The man who can 

 propagate well cannot cultivate ill. If he knows 

 enough to do the one well, he knows too much to do 

 the other ill. We should therefore set down dex- 

 terous propagation as one of the hesr practical evi- 

 dences of what a gardener i< good for. It is for this 

 reason that it seeins worth while to point cut, as far 

 as we have the means of doing so on paper, the views 

 of the best modern gardeners up m this important 

 subject; for which purpose we shall next week offjr 

 some remarks upon the recent pamphlet bv Mr. 

 Neumann, "Up on the Art of makin g Cuttings'." 



ON THE GROWTiToTfoReTgN PINES IN 



MORAYSHIRE. 



Of the various species of Conifer* which hate been . , -, e—s .«.«...«» u. «» ■„ UIg „ c . 80 mat i 



introduced into this district during the last twenty years jwill venture to say that the bottom-heat has avera-ed at 



there are nrtnp Hmf ar^anm* en B -,»i.f...t :t_ • \nnat- loo .„«..«» *i — *u~ ... i • . . .. °. 



by bottom-heat in the dead of winter : and this, for two 

 important rev .5 : 1st, they are impatient of any given 

 temperatur ove 50°, in the comparative absence of 

 light which we experience through November and Decem- 

 oer ; and 2d, because they are equally impatient of damp- 

 ness of atmosphere, and this must of course occur if 



there be any matter beneath them in a state of fermen- 

 tation uneonfined. 



I planted a four-light pit with them in the first week 

 of September ; this pit had been a receptacle for P nes 

 through the summer, and was of coarse nearly exhausted : 

 bavin? trod it firm end filled it as high as would cause 

 the Violet leaves to come within an inch of the glass I 

 placed thereon an inch of the richest old rotten manuVe 

 jn the yard ; on this the violets were placed, with all 

 the ball of earth that could be made to adhere to them, 

 and then filled up with a compost of one half sandy 

 heath soil in a mellow state, and the other half the 

 top of an old Cucumber bed, which had been soiled 

 with st :ff yellow loam The bottom-heat of this 

 bed has descended gradually from 7>° to 6'8° up to this 

 time, and in another fortnight will be d)wn to 00° • in 

 the meantime I have kept the atmospheric heat as T ow a« 

 possible, by giving abundance of air all night ; so that I 



,L r ° 0t an ^ branches • and ' according as 



X g nrT W U 9 uickl y P roduces either a 



unon/n • /• T( J demo »strate this, I shall pitch 



upon an instance known to all country people and 



Vn^wf 8 ; they takc a lon S «alk or branch of 

 in^K I \ a §>reat man ? J° ints > w hich they bend 

 on evefv ' 1 d ' End ! J shoot8 a ^ reat liumber of roots 



thus unir ; n °r ^ Ule y not bent that branch 

 ,.ll" ( ! er ^r ound ' othe r new branches would have 



tiold I hut v J ° lntS ' Whlch is 110t at aU t0 ^ ques- 

 branch tfc r °°, t .? ma y & ow from one shoot or 



fulTv Li CY , may hkeuise F™ from alI > ^en skil- 



dUcovPriSf -i'i aS e ?P erien ce has shown, and new 

 ^cm eil es will confirm. Therefore what has been 



saidnf™, 1 WI1 " ,1U - inererore wlia 

 '• I : h i? h00t WlU be f0Und true of aI] - 



« furni ll? een ,i alr f dy 1 demonstrated ' that every tree 



th e sp t on-r " v n dance of joints ' in whk * Iies 



^ three VI *' 1 Y ° U ma y take a branch wllh two 

 each Vc'rP and CUt off the wood at the bottom of 

 d ress anc \\ -v ?P t0 ^ which bein S done, you may 

 on everv ^ l" 1 V nder B round ' Eut « ^here are 

 ^hichmavain / b ° Ve i fifty or threescore joints, 

 Aat th^m ^ Ca ! ed after this ma »"e r> it follows 

 a] l trees am? e ^ e f od ma 7 be used with respect to 

 ^ousand o A r n bSj althou gb they have a hundred 

 H er e °7 mdh °n of joints." 



plant * as nlainW ^ 2K V rlnci ? les o£ propagating 

 P r esent dav / descri b ed as they could be at the 

 employed h nt J \ ] more Earned phraseology might be 



the court nf meanin S would be *e aamS. In 

 ste P, excent th , Centur > r we have not advanced a 

 Vicola^ RM ^ without »™my -bat 



*® famtnJ tfU f that e " ver y J' 0int of every plant 

 fav °urabletoma- P •• t ' lf P laced in circumstances 

 fable it to S?^™* ^? vital i t y lon S enough to 



. know in K wha til r0 ^- The d ifficulty consist in 



i ns «re their ■ w«SL° IrC !J m8Unce8 are ' a » d how t0 

 5>0f» Wt^Se^An . ex Pe"enced propagator 

 ? ol h have Uie L I 1 ex P erie nce is ignorant of it. 



but one cannot Ini *?}** and facts t0 g uide them, 



0t a PP^ them and the other can. In 



mere are none that advance so satisfactorily, or promise 

 to become such valuable timber-trees, as those indigenous 

 to the mountains of India.— namely, Abies deodara, Piaus 

 excelsa, and Abies Smithiana or Khutrow. These are 

 not only of rapid growth, but they ripen their shoots so 

 as to withstand our severest winters, and as yet, appear 

 less liable to disease than many other Pines recently 

 brought under our notice. The Abies Douglasii and the 

 Pinus ponderosa, from the banks of the Columbia, are 

 both of luxuriant growth, but are not adapted to our cli- 

 mate. The former has a propensity to produce autumnal 

 growth?, which, from their succulent state, are not fitted 

 to resist severe frost, and appears to partake considerably 

 of the nature of the Picea balsamea, a tree less tenacious 

 of life than any other Fir. All our finest specimens of 

 Pinus ponderosa have become victims of the small but 

 destructive beetle, Hylurgus piniperda, and the tree !s 

 neither likely to become valuable nor ornamental. Many 

 of the other species of Foreign Pines are either too tender 

 or of too slow growth in this climate, and in exposed situa- 

 tions are not expected ever to exceed the size of tall 

 shrubs. It is true that the more rare and expensive 

 sorts are not unfrequeutly disfigured and retarded in 

 growth, by being long confined in garden-pots before 

 being placed permanently in the open ground — treatment 

 which, at first, is apt to conceal the merits of the plants. 

 It is, however, necessary to keep some kinds in pots, to 

 insure their being removed of a certain size with safety ; 

 for instance, the Pinus maritima, and all of the same 

 habit of growth, do not transplant and succeed well if 

 allowed to remain more than one year in the seed-bed; 

 that their roots may therefore be preserved in a fit state 

 for removal they must be transplanted frequently, or 

 kept in pots until they be placed in their final destina- 

 tion. This mode of treatment, however, is not necessary 

 for the kinds we recommend from the Himalayas — their 

 roots being very fibrous, or bushy, adapt them for being 

 removed at almost any age when planted; and they may 

 be success-fully grown from seed by the nursery treatment 

 suitable for the Larch and Scotch Fir. Those that we 

 have seen kept long in pots become stinted, but the 

 vigour which the plants assume when their roots are set 

 at freedom in the open ground after being cramped and 

 restrained in garden-pots is very remarkable. My re- 

 marks on the native Pines of India are not founded 

 merely on the success of a few nursed specimens, grown 

 under circumstances unusually favourable. Plauts have 

 been raised here in great numbers, and many have been 

 transplanted among the brown Heath on the acclivities of 

 some of the hills in the highest parts of the county. 

 Perhaps the landowners of no district in Britain are 

 better furnished with the Pines of India than are those 

 of Morayshire — thanks to our townsman, Dr. Falconer, 

 who collected and forwarded the seeds of the plants, 

 whi'cfe advanced so hopefully. Seeds of the Deodara 

 presented by him are being grown to decorate the pro- 



least 12° more than the atmospheric heat. My plants 

 now look splendidly, and I make no doubt will fully answer 

 my expectations, as I am always successful with this 

 flower. I put heath soil about them for the same reason 

 that early Cucumber growers use it, viz., as being r'ryer 

 and mellower on the surface, and somewhat antiseptic. 

 These plants are peculiarly liable to a rottenness in the 

 leaf, which is, no doubt, contagious, for if not picked off 

 it spreads like wildfire, and after picking I invariably 

 dredge a mixture composed of very coarse river sand over 

 them, with which a little charcoal dust and quick lime 

 has been blended. This dressing also prevents the slugs 

 from committing their ravages, for if permitted they will 

 constantly deface the blossoms. 



Another precautionary measure is, to take care that 

 the soil, at planting, is of an equal moisture throughout, 

 as but little water can be used after planting, without 

 ', producing too moist an atmosphere. I have up to this 

 time used nothing but the syringe, except at planting- 

 time, when I watered them freely to settle the soil. They 

 must have all the air that can possibly be given 

 with safety, both night and day; taking care at all 

 times to exclude even the slightest degree of frost ; 

 double matting in winter, with plenty of dry Wheat 

 straw thrown over the mats in weather of great severity, 

 will be found sufficient for this purpose, provided the 



sides of the pit be completely ca;ed with dead lining up 

 to the lights. 



The main principle to bear in mind is, the endeavour 

 to lengthen as it were our summer, by the bottom-heat, 

 at planting ; the very discrepancy between the bottom- 

 heat at this time, and the atmosphere, combined with 

 the temporary check on removal, induces the blooming 

 habit very shortly ; after which the mere exclusion of 

 frost will insure a continual production of blossoms 

 until May of the following year. — Robert Erringtcn. 



i 



menades 

 the property 



sive propagation of trees that are really valuable, possesses 

 an interest and advantage far beyond that which is local. 

 These form a foundation of national wealth and inde- 

 pendence, and become a source of individual prosperity 

 and riches. The Deodar is said to be the most cele- 

 brated coniferous tree of the Himalayas ; it attains the 

 height of 150 feet, with a trunk 30 feet in circumference, 



DISEASES OF PLANTS No. IV. 



— [Ft'.VGI.] 



We now come to the second great class of Fungi, viz., 

 that in which the reproductive bodies are contained in 

 sacs, whether they be solitary, or arranged according to 

 some definite plan. To this belong the tribe of Helvellas 

 uiid Pczizs, amongst whrch the common morel, or the 

 large dunghill Peziza will at once occur to every culti- 

 vator who has taken pains to examine the structure of 

 such species, which do not indeed require a very high 

 magnifying power. With these are associated many 

 subterranean forms, such as the edible Truffles, a portion 

 of the hypogaeous Fungi being more nearly allied to the 

 puffballs. The curious Fungus, too, which grows on the 

 hoofs and horns of animals, or upon feathers, though so 

 closely resembling one of the small Lycoperdons, must 

 take its place in this division. Then comes the enormous 

 genus Sphasria, more numerous, perhaps, even than the 

 Agarics, a familiar example of which is afforded by the 

 Sphseria hypoxylon, which grows at the bottom of old 



And of 



1 by him are being grown to decorate the pro- Spbseria hypoxylon, which grows at the bottom of old 

 on the Cluny hills in the vicinity of Furres, and stakes, &c, resembling the snuff of a candle. And of 

 srty of the town. T: ; e introduction and exten- these aUo there is a small but highly interesting subter- 



— ._ „ 1 1,, 1, w „„ „, — j — a 



ranean group, of which one or two species have been 

 detected in this country. To this division also belong 

 the Fungi which produce the white mildews on Peas and 

 Roses, and that which is sometimes so destructive in 

 Hop-gr unds ; and lastly, that portion of the moulds 

 which produce their reproductive bodies within distinct 

 sacs, or as they are called, sporangia. A9 stated above, 



or even more, and in its native country rarely falls the true affinities of several genera are not at present 



