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VT j~L JY O I!i i\ IL 1 i » 



Ullll UJ\ 1(JLK 



by botanists under various genera as distinct species, but | served that, in such casesTthe leaves ' sometimes" withei 

 which are m reality nothing more than a diseased state prematurely, which must be injurious to the next year's 



f 



[Oct. 26, 



of the cells of the epidermis. 



Erineum Juglandis, to show how the threads 

 arise from the cells of the leaf. 



Every one must have remarked the swollen spots 

 which occur so frequently on the leaves of Vines 'and 

 Walnuts, and if they have had the curiosity to examine 

 the under side of the leaf, they will have found in the one 

 case a woolly mass, at first white and sparkling, but soon 

 becoming brown ; and in the other a short white velvety 

 stratum. Productions of a similar kind are very common 

 upon trees, espe- 

 cially of those be- 

 longing to the 

 Natural Order 

 Araentscete, such 

 as the Birch, 

 Beech, Oak, &c., 

 though by no 

 means confined to 

 them. It is not 

 uncommon for 

 more than one 

 form to be j-ro- 

 duced upon the 

 same tree — a cir- 

 cumstance which 



has confirmed 



many in the notion Er »ncum botryocepha'um, after Corda. 

 that they are parasitical Fungi. They are found in all parts 

 of the world, and exhibit in tropical climates many very 

 curious forms far more highly developed and complicated 

 than in our northern regions, where indeed they appear 

 to be most abundant. In Northern America, a few kinds 

 only are found, and those, with a single exception, Euro- 

 pean form?, and of rare occurrence. The Lime, which in 

 Lurope produces them so abundantly, in America has at 

 present not been found to produce a single specimen 



In form tney vary from that of a simple or jointed 

 thread, through every grade to a beautiful cluster, as in 

 fcrineum alneum and E. botryocephalum ; or a compli- 

 cated cellular mass, as in Septotrichum lameliosum. 



In infancy they are usually white, though sometimes 

 red or yellow j but they acquire as they grow old rich 



tints of red or brown— rarely of golden 

 yellow. They occur in all soils and in 

 all situations ; and, as in so many other 

 diseases of plants, the causes which 

 favour their development are utterly 

 unknown. If carefully examined, thev 

 are found to be continuous with the 

 cells of the cuticle, and they contain a 

 grumous mass of the same nature as 

 that contained by the cells, but ac- 

 quiring by degrees the tint peculiar to 

 the particular form ; on the copper- 

 coloured Beech, the colour of the 

 grumous mass partakes of the rich tint 

 which distinguishes the matrix. That 

 they arise from the cuticle in the same 

 manner as the hairs, is now matter of 

 doubt to few, though new species are 

 still proposed ; and within a short time 

 magnificent illustrations have been, 

 given of these bodies by Corda, who,] 

 nowever, speaks doubtfully of their I 

 nature. A special work is also de- 

 voted to the subject, by Fee. They 

 are not accompanied, except acci- 

 dentally, by any insect, but appear to 

 arise from an excess of nourishmpnr 

 causing the cells in certain portions of theSto,w?ll 

 and possibly the hairs themselves ; and it is probable that 

 they are in many cases beneficial to the plant, exactly in 

 the same way as certain eruptions in the animal king- 

 dom. It is, indeed, possible that when the disease exists 

 to a very great extent, a portion of the sustenance in- 

 tended for the young fruit is diverted ; and I have ob- 





P 

 crop 



It has been a question whether the same situations 

 which are favourable to the development of hairs on 

 leaves are so to that of these eruptions. Such, however, 

 does not appear to be the case ; nor, supposing them to 

 be mere anamorphoses of the hairs, does it appear to me 

 to follow, as a matter of course, that it should be so. 

 Nor, indeed, does it seem quite certain that they are 

 always over-developed hairs, however analogous they 

 may be to them, or however similar their origin. Some 

 of the productions, indeed, which are referred by authors 

 to Erineum are nothing more than patches of hairs in 

 the axils of the nerves in their normal condition. Where 

 one tree is affected by the disease, it is common for even- 

 tree in the neighbourhood to be similarly affected. They 

 depend, therefore, upon certain conditions of soil and 

 climate ; and even were these known, it would perhaps be 

 difficult to suggest a remedy ; nor, indeed, if the effects 

 be no more prejudicial than stated above, would it be of 

 much importance to do so. 



One or two productions of a somewhat different nature 

 are also, without good grounds, referred to Fungi. The 

 little pustular spots which occur upon the smooth bark of 

 trees, as the Alder, and which contain a brown pulverulent 

 mass of a mealy or branny appearance, are clearly nothing 

 but a diseased state of the bark (Hypopblsea), which 

 from some unknown cause is more or less perfectly 

 resolved at these points into its constituent cells. I 

 have seen something similar on a species of Bassia, from 

 Burma, kindly communicated to me by Dr. Lindley, in 

 which a portion of the cuticle and the subjacent cells 

 split off in the form of a lid, leaving a cup behind ; but, 

 in this case, an insect may have been at work. A pro- 

 duction not very dissimilar occurs on the common Laurel. 

 Perhaps, with as little reason, some of the bodies occa- 

 sionally developed in the cells of plants, known, but at 

 present imperfectly, under the name of Protomyces, are 

 referred to the vegetable kingdom. I have not, however, 

 had an opportunity of examining specimens; but in the 

 genus Physodermi, illustrated by Corda, I am distinctly 

 of opinion that the supposed reproductive bodies are 

 mere diseases of the cells ; as I believe the bodies in 

 Protomyces to be a diseased state of the contained 

 granules. Turpin was of opinion that such was the case 

 in the important family of Mildew, Rust, &c. But that, 

 in this case, he was wrong, has been amply proved by 

 the researches of Leveille* and Corda. 



In the ensuing Paper I shall say a few words on Galls, 

 because, though caused by insec's, they are often referred 

 to Fungi ; and there is a curious analogy in the forms 

 which they assume, so that they occasionally deceive even 

 practised eyes.— M. J. Berkeley. 



G!oux Morceaux, Goulu Morc^aVBe^rT^rfnr"? 1 ^^^ 

 Hardenpont d'Hiver, Beurre d' " N ou ^^ 

 d'Aremberg (of some), Beurr/ Z n u eUe ' Beurr * 

 d'Hiver, JnL d'Autmt X^ 

 Luc de Cambron, Hardenoonf* \vV * Tg ' Got 

 Kronprinz Ferdinand vonffiich S.ick "^^ 

 Frequent inquiries have been made respecting «■ 

 meaning of the word phut, now general* 'ado Zt* 

 part of the name of this Pear. g Van S^JJ 



GLOUT MORCEAU AND BEURRE D'AREM- 

 BERG PEARS. 



These two Pears, of 

 which the accompanying 

 outlines are those of mo- 

 derate sized specimens, 

 have been hitherto m'ich 

 confused, and therefore, in 

 order that their respective 

 characters may be readily 

 contrasted, the represen- 



tations of both 

 have been placed 

 in the same view. 



No. 1 is the 



G LOUT MoRCE AIT 



No 2, is the 



Beurre d'Arem- 

 berg. 



^ 



Septotrichum 

 Jamellosum, 

 after Corda, 



--«. „„«„«„„ ..itttmiigs naving reference to gourmand 

 the most appropriate explanation may probably be foTnH 

 m the sense in which the synonym, Goulu Mor ce a U i R 

 occasional y employed: thus- Pais goulu, acco d W Q 8 

 Chambaud, signifies sugar-peas, honey-peas; the Pear in 

 question may be accordingly termed a sugared or honfpS 

 morsel. This epithet corresponds withVe quaHtv „f 

 the fruit. Should a different meaning, however a Lb 

 to the word in Belgium, where the Pear in question an 1 

 its name originated, information respecting such wiling 

 bably be supplied through the kindness o°f some conet 

 pondent. The syn. Goulu Morceau was recently ob 

 served in the catalogue of M. Henrard, of Lieee 



The Glout Morceau was raised by Councillor Harden- 

 pont, at Mons. It varies much in its form ; some hne, 

 l is, on standards, roundish ; but fairly g ro <vn on uT 

 the accompanying outline affords a good representors™ 

 Occasionally, on walls, instead of oUate ^e £J Z 

 considerably towards the eye, with an obtusely angular 

 or somewhat square appearance, and altogether not un- 

 ll.ee the form of a Portugal Quince. The flesh is white 

 exceedingly smooth and buttery, rich and sugary, noi 

 the least acidity being detected in its flavour. The .eeda 

 appear more perfect than in most fine varieties/ and 

 this being the case, they deserve the attention of tho*e 

 engaged in raising seedlings. In some seasons and situ- 

 ations it becomes fit for use in November, in others not 

 till January ; but December is its most usual period. The 

 fruit hangs late on the tree ; and, in the southern coun- 

 ties at least, is best flavoured from standards. The tree 

 is an abundant bearer, hardy, not disposed to canker. 

 I he shoots are dark olive, with prominent, diverging 

 buds. Leaves ovate-oblong, crenated, or, near the ex- 

 tremity of the shoots, serrated, bright green ; they may 

 be distinguished by the wavy appearance of the margins. 

 It ought to be in every collection ; in various situations, 

 in the open ground; on an espalier it succeeds well : 

 and it highly deserves a south wall. 



Beurre d'AREMBERG. — Synonyms ; Due d'Aremberg, 

 Deschamps, Colmar Deschamps, L'Orpheline, Beurre ties 

 Orphelines, D'Aremberg Parfait. It was raised by the 

 Abbe Deschamps, in the garden of the Hospice des 

 Orphelines, at Enghein. M. Noisette, of Paris, intro- 

 duced to the French nurseries a variety of Pear from 

 the garden of the Due d'Aremberg, and which was in 

 consequence extensively cultivated under the name of 

 Beurre d'Aremberg ; but this proved to be the Glout 

 Morceau, and hence arose much of the confusion which 

 prevailed with regard to these varieties. The fruit of 

 the Beurre d'Aremberg may be distinguished from that 

 of the Glout Morceau by its shorter stalk, generally bent 

 almost at a right angle to the axis of the fruit; the eye 

 is frequently destitute of any remains of the sepals or 

 calyx. The flesh is melting and more juicy than that of 

 Giout Morceau, but not so fine and buttery ; and, ex- 

 cept in very favourable seasons and situations, there is 

 an acidity of which few approve, but some do prefer it 

 as being refreshing. On this account it is not so well 

 adapted for general cultivation as is the Glout Morceau. 

 In a warm season and good situation its acidity becomes 

 changed, and in that case it is, at maturity, a rich melt- 

 ing fruit. Its general period of ripening' corresponds 

 with that of the Glout Morceau. The tree bears very 

 abundantly, so much so, that the fruit is often very small 

 from standards. The wood is not entirely free from, 

 symptoms of canker. Shoots clear yellowish brown, 

 sprinkled with small oblong pale brown specks. Leaves 

 oblong, tapering to the apex, somewhat folded, and 

 towards autumn the middle rib is much recurved in many 

 instances. It must be allowed to rank as a first-rate 

 Pear under favourable circumstances ; but its merits, on 

 the whole, ere inferior to those of the Glout Morceau — 

 11. T. 



The Glout Morceau has the following synonyms: 



Home Correspondence. 



Pruning Forest Trees.— In last week's Paper, I saw 

 an answer from Dr. Thackeray to some critical remarks 

 of Mr. Billington'a on the management of the Nerquis 

 Plantations. Admitting that the trees in the Ner- 

 quis Plantations are fine specimens of growth, does it 

 follow that their vigour is solely attributable to the 

 pruning they have had ? Certainly not. And in this 

 I entirely agree with " Quercus." Dr. Thackeray's 

 theory may be stated as follows: — 1st. That timber is 

 formed by the ascending sap. 2dly. That by pruning 

 off side branches, the quantity of sap supplying those 

 branches is forced into the stem, thereby increasing its 

 bulk. He endeavours to support this assertion by re- 

 ferring to amputations of the human frame as a means of 

 producing corpulency 1 But the comparison is erroneous, 

 and utterly fails in showing an analogy between the 

 vegetable and animal kingdoms. I can only repeat what 

 has been previously stated in your columns, viz., that, 

 other circumstances being alike, the vigour of a tree is 

 in exact proportion to the amount of foliage exposed to 



