720 



THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 



been a great demand iur these favourite flowers tins autumn, 

 and in the north of England, where Rose-edged Picotees hav, 

 not been exhibited, great quantities have been required; as, at 

 most of the principal exhibition-, prize* will now be awarded 

 for thera. Refer to the past few weeks fur tiie necessary direc- 

 tions as to potting layers, &c. &c, taking care that when the 

 layers are again struck, or have e itted fresh roots, that they 

 have all the air and sun possible ; watering occasionally, but 

 not over the foliage ; and at all times keeping a vigilant eye 

 over the stock, removing every spotted or decayed leaf as soon 



as discovered. — J. F. W. 



IV.— PINERIES, VINERIES, he. 

 Pineries.- Much caution is necessary from this time, to pre- 

 vent the atmosphere of the pits containing the succession 

 plants from becoming too humid. Syringing should be dis- 

 continued, except on fine days, when the sun has power to 

 raise the temperature several degrees. Whenever it is neces- 



require covering 



other light be slightly raised, to allow the steam to pass off. 

 When the covering is c.fT, it will escape through the laps of the 

 glass. Take all opportunities of giving a little air. If it can 

 be done every day, so much the better for the health of the 



P ^Vineries.— It the Vines in pots are plunged in warm leaves or 

 dung at about 8i)\ and the atmosphere kept at a temperature of 

 50° or 55°, the roots will be kept in advance of the tops, and the 

 buds will break stronger in consequence. Let them be syringed 

 frequently. Pay attention to the late Grapes and let all decay- 

 ing berries be immediately cut out. The slight fires made 

 during the day to dry the atmosphere will leave sufficient 

 warmth to prevent injury from frost at night. 



Pencil. Imnsr.— The P aches in pots intended for the first crop 

 should be either put into the hou-c where they are to be forced, 

 and kept cool for a time, or else placed in an open shed, as it is 

 pot good to commence forcing when the soil is drenched with 

 moisture. If worms are in the pots they may be ejected by 

 means of lime-water. No time should be lost in attending to 

 this, if ripe fruit is required by the middle of April.— Q. F. 

 V.— HARDY FRUIT AND KITCHEN-GARDEN. 



Planting.- Atthc risk of being charged with repetition, I cannot 

 avoid urging the importance of early autumn planting. If put 

 off till December, scarcely any advantage is gained over plant- 

 ing in March or April ; but a great disadvantage will be expe- 

 rienced, if severe weather should set in immediately after- 

 wards. If the leaves are still somewhat greenish, the check 

 given by raisir.g the plants will have a tendency to accelerate 

 the ripening of the wood, and if after watering, the bark of the 

 young shoots should present any appearance of shrivelling, the 

 stem of the trees may be twisted round, with hay or straw 

 bands, and a slight shading given to ihc top fur a few days 

 with fronds of Fern, he. Tne straw bands should be twisted 

 hard, so as not to retain much moisture ; and for tender trees, 

 they will be as &erviceable in moderating the rays of the sun 

 in summer, as in checking the severity of frost in winter. If, 

 in addition, the roots are well mulched with dry litter, they 

 will continue to grow all the winter, and thus be well fitted to 

 supply the expanding buds in spring. Ifl many gardens, an 

 extinction of many of the old trees should be gradually effected. 

 I say gradually, because frequently gardeners ardent after 

 novcltv, get themselves into scrapes, by clearing away too 

 much at a time, and thus rendering the supply deficient until 

 their young trees come into bearing. In planting, care should 

 be taken to select the most approved varieties. It would take 

 too much space to partlcul le these in this place. The 

 improved varieties of Pears should be introduced into 

 every garden, cither by planting, or by grafting on esta- 

 blished trees. In addition to their ether good qualities, 

 most of them are grea' ers, and produce fruit when 



the trees ar inparatively young. Such sorts as Mario Louise, 

 Dunmore* Louise Donne (of Jersey), Duchesse d'Angouleme, 

 Althorp Crassane, GHoot Morceau, Knight's Monarch, Passe 

 Colmar, and Ne plus Meuris, &c, will supply the table with 

 delicious fruit from September to the end of February, and in 

 places at all favourable, will succeed admirably as standards, 

 the fruit in general being as well flavoured, though not so 

 large as that grown against walls. The Easier Beirie, and 

 Beurre" Ranee, will furnish a supply until May, and even 

 later if the fruit is well preserved in jars. Hoth sorts will 

 thrive in most places as standards, but well deserve an east or 

 west wall. No Pears need be grown in favourable places on a 

 south wall, with the exception, perhaps, of a Jargonelle, to 

 supply early fruit. This, along with the Citron des Carraes, and 

 one or two more varieties, will be quite sufficient for an early 

 supply. 



Radishes. — A last sowing may be made on a south warm 

 border, and they will be useful if the weather continue mild. 

 A sowing may also be made on a slight hot-bed, to be defended 

 •with a frame, hooped mats, or straw-covers ; the same thing 

 may be done with Carrots and Onions, where very young ones 

 are constantly in demand. Cuulifioi- .—The glasses should 

 now be put over the plants intended for the first crop next 

 season, but the tops of the glasses should remain off in all 

 favourable weather. There is more danger of having them 

 coming too forward, and producing mere buttons, than in 

 having them too late. It is better to forward them in spring, 

 than to encourage them to grow much now. — R. F. 



VI.— ARBORICULTURE. 



Old Woods. — Continue to improve these in appearance as well 



as in value as much as possible, by removing all unsightly 



trees, and replacing them with others of more value. Lay open 



to view any particularly handsome trees, as recommended in 



late Calendars. 



Coppice.— Proceed with all necessary works in this depart- 

 ment; extirpate all valueless stuff, and replant the spaces with 

 more profitable kinds of trees. 



Young Plantations.— Embrace every fine day for forwarding 

 all planting intended to be done before spring. This is much 

 the best time for the general planting of evergreen trees, as in 

 spring they are subjected to cutting, dry, frosty winds, alter- 

 nately with a powerful sun. In sheltered, warm situations, and 

 with great care, spring planting will, however, succeed. 



Hedge-rows. — Continue to plant young trees, and make good 

 any failures. 



Nursery Work. — Take up and sort the young trees for plant- 

 ing out where required. Dig and trench vacant ground for re- 

 planting and sowing of seeds; put in some kinds now, and 

 others in spring. Let the ground be got ready for them as soon 

 as it is cleared of other crops.— W. B. 



VII.— COTTAGERS' GARDENS. 

 As it is frequently the case that a very slight protection will 

 save Dahlias and other favourite flowers until the middle, or 

 even the end of November, such of the cottagers as have time 

 and means might use some light canvas, or other slight cover- 

 ing, to throw over any plant particularly gay : with this several 

 degrees of frost will be harmless. Where frost has taken effect, 

 Lobelias, Salvia patens, and such plants, had better be got up, 

 especially if the flower stems are killed as well as the leaves. 

 The Salvias, in particular, ought to be left in the ground until 

 the stems die down, as the tubers will be thereby much benefited. 

 The best way of keeping these plants is to pot them in pots 

 merely sufficient to hold the roots, using rather dry soil, and set 

 them where they will be dry and cool. A few degrees of frost 

 ■will be less hurtful than heat ; they must get no water until they 

 commence growing. Scarlet and other Pelargoniums for turn- 

 ing out in spring, ought to receive the same treatment ; only 

 they cannot be too soon taken up after their beauty is once 

 destroyed by frost. In some cases, where the scarlet or other 

 Pelargoniums planted out in beds are yet fresh, and have formed 

 flower buds, the cottager might, by careful removal, obtain a 



few good plants for flowering in the window. Rather large pots 

 should be used, and the plants got up with as little disturbance 

 to the roots as possible ; if they can be placed in a little close 

 heat for a fortnight they will recover with the loss of only a 

 few leaves. Asparagus beds, where the leaves and stems are 

 brown, had better be cleared, and covered with an inch or two 

 of dun". The refuse will be useful for putting round frames to 

 keep out frost. If it can be applied dry so much the better, as 

 it will be less liable to beat and rot. Next week 1 shall name a 

 few varieties of Apples, Peart, &c, suitable for a cottage garden. 

 —J. McH. 



State of the Weather near London tor the week ending Oct. 24, 1844, ai 



observed at the Horticultural Gard en, Chiawick. 



Moon- 



Oct. 



Frid. 



Sat. 



Sun. 



Mob. 



Tues. 

 Wed. 



Thurs. 



18 

 19 

 ■0 



SI 

 22 



n 



24 



A verage 



Ajfe. 



Barombtba. 



2) 

 7 

 8 





 JO 



11 



12 



Max- 



| W.778 



29 782 



29.460 

 29.601 

 10.807 



29.912 

 29-706 



I 29 734 29.618 





Min. 



29.6 . 8 



29.577 

 29.415 



29.510 



29.766 



29-771 

 29-071 



T H KKM UW KTK K . 



Min. I Mean. 



44.5 

 50.0 

 46.5 

 51.0 

 44.5 

 43.5 

 49 



477 



Wind- Kain. 



Oct. 18 Clear; fine; shower, 3 r m. ; clear at night. 



— 19 Slight haze ; cloudy ; rain in the evening. 



— 20 Fine; cloudy; clear and fine at night- 



— 21 Overcast; hazy; constant heavy rain at nigh*. 



_ 22 Rain; cloudy; clear; foirgy in the evening; slight frost. 



— 23 Exceedingly dense fog tiil half past 12; somewhat lighter, becoming 



densely clouded, with showers at night. 



— 24 Cloudy; rain almost constant throughout ; heavy rain at night. 



Mean temperature of the week i de g. above the average. 



State of the Weather at Chiswick during the last 18 years, for the ensuing 



Week ending Nov. 2, 1844. 





Aver. 



Aver. 



Mean 

 Temp 



Oct. 



Highest 

 Temp. 



Lowest 

 Temp. 



Sun. 27 



51.7 



40.2 



47-5 



Mon. 28 



53.4 



37.0 



47.2 



Tues. 29 



48.0 



41.4 



41.3 



Wed. 30 



54 3 



39.7 ; 



47.0 



Thar. 81 



53.3 



38.7 



45.9 



Nov. 









Fri. 1 



54.2 



39.6 ! 



46.9 



Sat. 2 



A3 7 



40.0 



468 



No. of 

 Years in 



* h, . ch i t of Rain. 

 Ivained. 



Greatest 

 quantity 



15 

 9 

 7 

 8 



11 



10 

 7 



0.30 in. 



1.06 



0.42 



0.50 



0.88 



0.30 

 0-3rt 



Prevailing Winds. 



» 



1 



2 



2 



i 



4 



3 

 3 



1 



1 

 2 



- 



2 

 9 



2 



1 



1 

 2 



* 



yj 



3 

 2 



2 



2 

 3 



4 



1 



2 



1 



r. 



3 

 4 

 6 

 7 

 7 



3 



7 



5 

 2 



1 



1 

 4 



7 



2 



?, 



2 

 3 



1 

 1 

 3 



2 



The highest temperature during the above period occurred on the 89th 

 and 30th, 1833— therm. G7°; and the lowest on the 28th, 3[)th, 1836, and £9ih, 

 1842— therm. 23». 



Notices to Correspondents* 



A»plr-thkbs.— A Young Orchardist.— Perhaps you have planted 

 varieties very subject to canker. || 



Bbbs.— J. Argo.—Vie have given so much information about 

 Bees in the early part of this year, that we must refer you to 

 former Numbers for the information you search for. If that 

 is not sufficient for the purpose, you had better study some 

 treatise on Bee management, such as Bevan " On the 



Honey Bee."* 

 Biononia grandiflora. — H. L. — Cut this back early in 



spring to within two or three eyes of the previous year's 



wood ; and as it seldom flowers before the end of October or 



November, and then the flowers generally get injured by 



early autumn frosts, and fall off before they expand, and as 



the plant is also very late before it commences growing in 



spring, you had better encourage its early growth at that 



season, by placing some frame-lights over it, and mat the 



ends up close so as to form a kind of house over the plant; 



the covering may be removed about midsummer, but must 



again be put on before the cold nights, or first autumn frosts 



occur.if 

 Bocks.— Leyton.— We have no book on the Botany of the 

 Himalayas, except Royle's Illustrations, in 4to, with many 

 plates. That work is indispensable to botanists in the north 

 of India. Z.— The small edition of " English Botany" con- 

 tains figures of all our wild flowering plants. There are no 

 plates to Sir W. Hooker's Works, except those which are 



published with them. J. Steed.— Mackintosh's " Practical 



Gardener." S.— Petzholdt's " Lectures to Farmers on Agri- 

 cultural Chemistry." 

 Charcoal.— A. Z.— Soft- wooded plants make the best charcoal. 

 Pile the branches neatly in a large heap ; cover it over with 

 sods, leaving a hole at the top, and another at the bottom ; 

 light it at the latter, and when fairly in a blaze stop the two 

 holes, and watch the heap to see that no flames burst through 

 the sides. 

 Hyacinths.— A Cockney.— Read what we wrote a few weeks 

 ago about Hyacinths in glasses : keep them in the dark in a 

 warm place till roots appear; a few grains of salt or guano 

 sprinkled in the water can do no harm. 

 Injury by Goats Tkespassing. — A Subscriber.— -You may 

 distrain the goats doing damage on your premises, and im- 

 pound them. It is very doubtful whether, under the Malicious 

 Injuries Act (7 & 8 George IV., c. 30, s. 24), magistrates can 

 convict a person who, even after notice, merely suffers his 

 cattle to wander into the grounds of another and do injury 

 there. Magistrates, however, constantly assume jurisdiction, 

 and convict where a person actually turns or drives his cattle 

 into his neighbour's land, and they do damage there. You 

 had better, at all events, apply to the magistrates who sit for 

 3'our district, and request them to act in the matter. — W. 

 Insects.— J. B. W.— The active insects on the Ixora are the 

 pupae and imago of a Psocus, and not the males of the 

 Coccus, which you will see represented in Curtis's Brit. Ent., 



pi. 7i/-ft J- C. M. — Your Palmer- worm is the larva of 



Agrotis exclamationis.fl. R. IF.— Thanks for the flies. As 



I expected, a vast number of them are a species of Chlorops, 

 and may be one of those whose larvae have done consider- 

 able injury to the Corn crops this summer.fl. 

 Melons. — A Young Reader. — The Melons to which you refer, 

 fp. 688) are suspended from the wires to which the Vines are 

 tied. The house is of the common form, with a lean-to 

 roof, having a pit 2$ feet wide running along the centre ; this 

 is heated below by means of a hot-water tank, over which the 

 Melons are planted. There is no crop in the house, as the 

 Vines were only planted this season ; the foliage, however, 

 extends over as much space as if the Vines were in bearing. 

 If a" Young Reader" wishes to try the plan, let him in the 

 beginning of next July plant out some Melons in a vinery 

 containing a late crop of Grapes. He will find that they will 

 go on well together, as by the time the Grapes are beginning 

 to ripen, the Melons will have done swelling ; and then the dry 

 warm atmosphere which must be kept up to ripen the Grapes, 

 is just what is required for the Melons. 6-'. F. 

 MORPHOLOGY.— if Constant Reader.— You should useyoureyes, 

 and then youwould find that the Purslane had flowers, although 

 very smail ones; no perfect plants can seed without flower- 

 ing first. The seed had, no doubt, been mixed in the seed- 

 shop where you bought it— a common trick. 

 Names of Fruit.— Our correspondents are entreated to observe 

 that much space and time would be saved if those who send 

 fruit for names would forward along with them a list con- 

 taining the numbers and such names as they may have for 

 their varieties. In many instances these would probably onl> re- 

 quire a little correction. & W. G.—\, Aston Town ; 2, White 



Doyenne; 3, Moorfowl Egg; 4, Golden Reinette.|| R. 



Tatham.—Ko. 1, which yen had for the Beurre Spence, is the 

 Brown Beurr£; and for the Winter Rousselet,No. 2, you have 

 got the Bishop's Thumb. The small ovate pale-yellow sweet 

 Apple, called the Small Stolk, is not known by any other 



name. || W» S. J.— \, Norfolk Beaufin; 2, Bedfordshire 



Foundling; 3, Kirke's Golden Pippin; 4, Winter Nelis ; 5, 



Beurre de Capiaumont. || W, //.—Blenheim Pippin. [1 



F . Darby.— Not the Colmar, but St. Germain : the other is the 



White Doyenne. Specimens of both varieties unusually large 

 doubtless, as you observe, in consequence of having your 



fruits excessively thinned. St. M. 11.— 3, 4, Lamb Abbey 



Pearmain; 5, Keswick Codlin ; 7, Kirke's Golden Pippin ; 8 

 probably Black Annett ; 9, Blenheim Pippin; 10, Yorkshire' 

 Greening; 11, Large Hunthouse; 12, II >ilandbury ; 1 3, Court of 



Wick.] A Constant Reader.— I, Winter Bon Chretien ; 2 



Brown Beurre; 3, Passe Colmar; 4, Bishop's Thumb; 6, l/ve- 



dale's St. Germain; 7, Marie Louise; 8, Winter Nelis. | , 



H. Y. — 1, Beauty of Kent; 2, Hollandbury ; 3, Northern 

 Greening; 4, Gansel's Bergamot.j Thomas Creed.— Fle- 

 mish Beauty, i A Subscriber.— Blenheim Pippin. 3 T. 



Barnes.— Uvedale's St. Germain. || Rhodon.— Beurre Diel.j 



Russet.— Your Apple appears to be Loan's Pearmain, in 



goodperfection.il A Constant Reader.— \, Minchall Crab; 



3, Nonsuch. |! S. //.—Nailing the tickets upon your fruit 



with iron tacks, is not so secure as might be supposed. The 

 acid juice partially dissolves the iron, exudes and obliterates 

 the numbers, or the nail loosens as the surrounding tissue 

 wastes, and drops out. Of those yon sent there were found 

 attached— 2, Winter Pearmain ; 3, Blenheim Pippin j », Down- 

 ton ; 11, Posse Colmar. Some well-coloured Fearn's Pippin 



and Golden Reintttes were observed. || Mrs. H\ — The 



Seedling; Apple is handsome and sugary ; but although good 

 it will not bear comparison with the Golden Reinette, which 

 becomes fit for use at the same time.ij J. D.—\, an exceed- 

 ingly handsome, large, finely-coloured Apple, not known; it 

 deserves particular notice; 3, Hughes's Golden Pippin j 4, 

 Cockle Pippin; 6, Bedfordshire Foundling; 9, Verte Longue ; 

 10, Coc's Fine late red Plum.|| 



Names of Plants.— C. D.—As far as we can judge from 

 flowers jammed to pieces among cotton wool, your plant is 

 Oncidium trulliferuni; but it may be new. We never saw 

 the fruit of Stcphanotus ; no doubt it is poisonous. 



Peach-trees.— Quern*.— Thesp may be partially pruned as 

 early as October. At Montreuil, such hearing shoots as are 

 not required for the extension of the tree are cut out as soon 

 as the fruit is gathered.il 



Pears.— Querist.— There can be no advantage in raising Pear- 

 trees from cuttings ; on the contrary, the wood of cultivated 

 varieties is not so perfect as that of the wild species; conse- 

 quently, it is not so well adapted for enduring vicissitudes. 

 The varieties of Pears you enumerate, Marie Louise, Napo- 

 leon, Beurre* Diel, and Gansel's Bergamot, should not be 



gathered until they readily part from the spur.ii H. W. D. 



Xhe Pear you sent possesses a 1 the excellence you ascribe 



to it, and will be specially noticed as soon as possible. Ij 



Pear-trees. — W. S. /.—The spots on the leaves are occa- 

 sioned by the Pear-tree Blister Moth, on which you will find 

 an excellent article, with a figure and description, by Mr. 

 Curtis, vol. i. p. 260. Sweep up and burn every leaf, care- 

 fully remove the surface soil from around the tree, and sub- 

 stitute fresh. With regard to your list of Pear*, you will 

 probably find the Beurre Spence to be the same as some of 

 the other varieties you enumerate, all of which are good.] 



Spruce beer.— Will any of our correspondent* have the good- 

 ness to inform J. C. how this wholesome beverage is best 

 made? Is Dantzic Spruce the same? 



Stove Plants.— Aliquis.—M\is& Cavendishii, Mangoes, and 

 Guavas offer you the best chance of ripening tropical fruits. 

 You may procure them of, or through, any of the great 

 London Nurserymen. Among gay stove plants, take Euphor- 

 bia jacquiniflora, ail the Achimenes, Poinsettia pulchcrrima, 

 Bignonia venusta, Passiflora Loudoni and quadrangulans v a 

 fruit), Ixoras, Thunbergias, and Oncidium L™ c « anuin - 



Strawberries.-.!/. ^.-Small round stones will not keep air 

 from the roots j it will find its way freely through their inter- 

 stices. We recommend them in preference to tiles, when 

 they can be had-lst. because they cost nothing; and 2d. 



because they look very neatly. rn mnost for 



YixK-BORDERS.-Rusticus.-Thc main bulk of the compost ior 



a Vine border should consist of lien turf; to which may b 

 added bone-dust and cow-dung. You may P*™* * Vm 'or 

 each sash and allow three cubic yards of compost for each 

 n?aiit this will admit of the border being ten MwUti 0JV 

 with 48 cubi^ feet, you may form it only 6 feet wide in he first 



greater number of smaller b«nche 8 . ; |_ ^^ ^ 



^nnm/o? MalehT'uf «n g shoots about fa* way 

 S&. aof spur theott^i^er.faortt fc M 



Miscellaxkol-s.-S. B. 309. y>e re c , 



TndSf aCauff ^rcu S D,S Teae1,f„f i^the ojy mode g 



Roses about half way a c °^ n - t ^ nt : dt0CO ver a large space 

 shoots of Climbing Roses if not ™££™°° d for .sfielter.T 



quickly W oa ^U s too cold fo°r the Hyacinth 



A Lady.— Your oar* ciu. c y r t wrap the 



roots to siow tbemse ves ,„,<*•. to >%£?£, £et . 



glasses in some °la baiz«V u £ * tial . Wa ter your turf with 

 little artificial warmth ; that is e^entiai ^ ^^ 



lime-water, prepared by s tee pins i |r f Hme 1S 



24 hours, and draining off the clear num. ^ , t of 



enough for a ^f^^V duty, which is 

 Oleander has probably been ™™*« If—A. Z.-The leaves 

 the cause of white scale forming Mwt.^ ^^ uncommon; 



of Pin 



Jhe S leading point ^^J^L^^iTS Pine"beeUe . 

 season (which is ^y'^S ar f d consequently to 

 will lose the power ot lp ^" ga e t " p ^ ia n y if the plants are 

 form those monstrous leas es, f^^J^iiier.-Buphaue 



young and v '^ r0lls - ",f m and Cyrtanthus odorus are 

 cdiaris, Trichonema speciosum, ana t^ bQlb Y oa 



greenhouse bulbs ; Gnffi £ia W^AL-H. Z>.-Ipomcea 



Bad better not start t««™ ''" * n f S.f the back of your con- 

 Learii is a perennial. Your ^ plan : on .i ^ sbaded by 



servatory is perhaps too ^^^J it will be within a 



other plants. Train it toa rafter wne W--?* 



foot of the glass, ^^^^^p^fbeiongs noticed under the 

 do not kn^^yahU hope to save yoar 



in among their shoots^ 



SEEDLING FLOWERS. ttf 



. r S -Your seedling Juntas appears tomuch greaie 

 Fuchsias.-G.S.-*o"t u * . of which is handsome, 



*12^\&5W*«--*22s: I1 . 6 ood 



