



1844.] 



2*. 6d. 

 2 



2 

 3 



1 

 3 

 2 

 2 

 2 

 2 

 1 

 2 







6 

 6 

 6 

 6 

 

 6 

 6 

 6 



6 

 6 







6 



6 







6 



6 



6 







6 



6 



6 



l*.6d. 

 2 o 



TO THE CULTIVATORS OF ROSES. 



RB. BIRCHAM, Hedenham Rosery, Bungay, Suf- 

 • folk, begs to offer the following: choice PERPETUAL 

 ROSES. Good dwarf plants, own roots, suitable for pot cultu e 

 or transplanting into the open bojders. 



BOURBON. 

 Aricie .... 



Aubernon . 



Augustin Mouchelet . 



Clementine Seringe . 

 „ Duval 



Dr. Marx 



Due d'Aumale . 



Duchesse de Nemours 



Duchess of Sutherland 



Earl Talbot . 



Fiilgorie 



Julie Dupont 



TjIE__£AR D E N E R S ' CHRONICLE 



Acidalie 



Alfred i 



Anue Beluze . . 



Armosa . 



Cerese . 



Crimson Globe . 



Dumont de Courset . 

 Dubourg 



Gloire de Rosameue . 

 „ Paris . 



,, Guillotieire 

 Lilacea gtandiflora . 

 Madame Nerard. 

 Madame Aubls . 



Manteau de Jeanne 

 d'Arc . . . 



Paul Joseph 



Phoenix . . ] 



Proserpine . 



Queen of Be:: q 

 Souvenir de iaMalmai 

 son (strong plants) . 

 Splendens . 



Thaiffait 



2 

 1 

 3 

 2 



7 

 1 

 ? 



7 



2 

 2 



1 



Q 



3 

 3 

 2 



3 

 1 



7 



2 

 2 



6 

 6 

 6 

 6 

 6 

 6 

 6 



6 

 6 

 6 

 6 

 6 



6 

 6 

 

 6 

 6 



6 

 6 



La Reine (strong plants) 7 

 Lady Alice Peel . . 5 „ 

 Lady Fordwich . . l fi I 

 Lane .... 3 

 Madame Laffay . . 2 

 Melanie Cornu . . 2 

 Mrs. Elliot . .2 



Prince de Galles. . 3 

 Prudence Rcesea . 2 



Reinede la Guillotiere 2 

 Rivera (Laffay's) . 2 



William Jesse . . 2 _ „.„ 



Cloth of Gold (Noisette) strong plants, ?*. td. 



Choice Rose3 selected from various classes: -Dwarf Stand 

 ards, I2.s. per dozen; do., superior kinds, 18s.; Standards, IBs 

 per dozen ; do., most superior, 30s. 



A descriptive Catalogue sent on application. Plants gratis 

 to compensate for distant carria ge^— Hedenham, Nov. 23 1844' 



THE FILBY, or FASTOLFF RASPBERRY.— 



-I- At the request of some gentlemen living in the neighbour- 

 hood of Yarmouth, T. RIVERS begs to submit the history of 

 this really excellent Raspberry to the public. In the yenr 1814 

 Colonel Lucas, of Filby, a place lying between Norwich ai 

 Yarmouth, discovered a Raspberry plant growing ui an old 

 Laurel hedge in his garden. His attention was drawn to it 

 an1 he soon found it to be a superior and delicious varlel y so 

 that in a short time every other sort was ejected from bis 

 garden, and this alone cultivated. It was not, however til 

 1824 that he allowed his gardener to part with it. who then cave 

 canes to his neighbours, and by this means it got to be culti- 

 vated in Caistor, Ormsby, and, in fact, in all the neighbour- 

 hood, under the name of the Filby Raspbbiiiiy, to the exclu 

 sion of all other sorts. It has latterly often been called the 

 Caistor Raspberry, from the Market Gardeners growing it in 

 that parish. In Caistor is an old castle in ruins, that formerly 

 belonged to the Fastulff family : the latter name was given to 

 the variety by Yoi/kli. and Co., when they first began to sell the 

 canes. The fruit upon which Dr. I.indi.ky pronounced his 

 opinion was gathered in the Filby garden, now the property of 

 the Rev. G. Lucas, who authorises and permits the publication 

 •of the above facts; and has also permitted his Gardener to 

 supply the Canes alter this date to T. RIVERS only 



Canes are sold at 30s. per 100, or 6s. per score, carriage paid 

 to London. Charge for package, for small parcels, 6d , for 



SI! t J 1S ' - t0 l8 'Ji' 0rders to any amou,, t can be executed. 

 Ifte Trade price will be given on application. 



Sawbridgeworth, Herts, Nov. 23, 1344. 



®i)t €rar0*trcr£' C 



SATURDAY , NOVEMBE RS, 1844. 



MEETINGS FOR THK TWO FOLLOWING WEEKS. 

 Saturday, Nov. 23 Royal Botanic 

 Friday, Nov. 89 Botanical 



Wednesday, Nov. 27 Sooietr of Arts . 

 F.idat, Nov. 89 Botanical .... 



Monday, Dec. 8 . Entomological : 



Tuesdat, Dec. 3 J Horticultural 



( Linnpftn 



4 P.M. 



fl p.n. 



8 P.M. 

 8 P.M. 



P.M. 



2 pm. 



8 P.M. 



"When we, a few weeks since, invited the attention 

 of our readers to some supposed cases of the trans- 

 mutation of corn, we were not aware that so many 

 such instances were on record. Thanks, however, 

 to our correspondents, we have now before us several 

 statements as to one kind of plant changing to 

 another, so that the inquiry seems more than ever to 

 be worth following up. Not that we anticipate a 

 confirmation of these stories, for they do appear most 

 incredible, and contrary to the usual order of things ; 

 yet, as we have before observed, some very recent 

 and most astounding instances of change, quite as 

 great as that of Oats into Rye, have occurred, con- 

 cerning which there cannot be a doubt, and there- 



M is ?° knowin g what m ore may be behind. 



Mr. Darwin, who agrees with us that so curious a 

 subject is well worth investigation, " even if it 

 [ would prove to be only a history of error," points 

 out a passage in Dr. J. Anderson's "Recreations.", Sec. 

 VTol.li. p. 238) for the year 1800, where he remarks 



«?• ? n ? xtract from a Dutch J ournal > to which ^ is 

 aw, that a countryman sowed Oats and cut them 



onf n *• ree times ' and that " in the en suing spring 

 *™y a few stalks set out any fresh shoots, and these 



tn'K g Rye " Dr - Am lerson attempts to explain 

 »ns by supposing that seeds of both grains were in 

 «e ground, and that the Rye, from being the 

 cm, 11 pant » aIone survived the winter; and he 

 aak -f n by excIaimin S> M What a bonfire it would 

 u-Pi-n u tne books w £ich record such experiments 

 nntrf- burnt at °nce!" Rut Dr. Anderson knew 



A \ modern facts above alluded to. 



« \ini- er corre spondent finds the following in the 

 J-iiihon of Facts," by Sir Richard Phillips, p; 1*8: 



Oals * i m rain - y seasons or years degenerates into 

 Th«J r ° ats m tJr y seasons change into Rarley. 



have h ' reIated h y PIir, y> Galen » and Matthiolus, 

 ralist, 2i c ?" nrmed b y ^e experiments of natu- 



Of 11 llcrrc ' 

 made ! the ^atements, however, which have been 



those of n ? i sub J ect > the most remarkable are 

 by thp l ♦* *7' V eisse nborn, which were published 

 *i His nl G -' L i° udon in his " Magazine of Natu- 



fcUowin^ y ' ln the year 1837 > an<l from which the 

 w mg are extracts, with some verbal alterations :- 



W ithin the last few years two experiments of this 

 sort nave been made with more than common care. 

 Une was in Livonia, In the middle of a Cabbage- 

 garden a bed of 12 feet square was carefully due 

 and pulverised, and sown about the end of* June, 

 1836, with picked Oats. The blade sprang not par- 

 ticularly well, and was thin, as the seed had suf- 

 fered from frost in the preceding autumn. It was 

 cut, for the first time, when part of it had already 

 begun to form a shoot. The second mowing took 

 place in autumn. This year, the second of the expe- 

 riment the bed is covered with healthy Rye-stalks, 

 though fewer in number than the Oat-plants, which 

 stood on the bed last year." 



The other case is that of a Lieut.-Col. de Schau- 

 roth, who five years previously had found this expe- 

 riment succeed seven times, and that in every case 

 Rye had sprung from Oats, when the latter, durinc 

 tlie first season, had been prevented forming stalks* 

 Lol. de bchauroth had been averse to publish his ob- 

 servations, from his dislike to controversy; but as he 

 was fu ly satisfied about the truth of the phenome- 

 non, "he asked me,* says Dr. Weisenborn, "to repeat 

 the experiment; I delayed doing so till 1 could have 

 an opportunity of sowing Oats on ground which had 

 neither yielded a crop of Rye, nor had been manured 

 with litter for a long time previously. Three years 

 ago however, I ploughed up a paddock in which there 

 had been nothing grown but Grass for the last 16 

 or 20 years. It was planted with Potatoes for two 

 years, and the third spring, sown with Oats and Lu- 

 cerne, which were fed off by sheep, so that none of 

 tne Oat-plants could run to ear. During the severe 

 spring of the present year, the greater part of the 

 Oats were destroyed ; but when the Lucerne had at- 

 tained a sufficient size to be fed bv sheep, it wasfound 

 intermixed with a great many healthy Rye-plants, 

 just in ear. It appears unnecessary that the Oats 

 should be sown about midsummer day ; and it is 

 very natural that the Rye-plants should be fewer 

 than those of the Oats, because all summer Com is, 

 in a great measure, destroyed during winter/' 



These statements were made in 1837. In the 

 following year Dr. Weissenborn again brought the- 

 subject before the public, in the second volume of 

 the < f Magazine of Natural History.'' " With refer- 

 ence," he says, " to the transformation of Oats into 

 Rye, this remarkable phenomenon has not only been 

 verified by new experiments, but we have caused 

 beds to be sown with Oats, in order that we may be 

 able to convince disbelievers, by producing Rye stalks 

 which have sprung from the crown that still shows) 

 the withered leaves of the Oat plant of the previous | 

 year. I repeat that this transformation does take 

 place, if Oats are sown very late (about midsummer- 

 day), and cut twice as green fodder before shooting 

 into ear; the consequence of which is, that a consi- 

 derable number of Oat-plants do not die in the course 

 of the winter, but are changed in the following sprint 

 into Rye, forming stalks which cannot be known 

 from those of the finest winter Rye. We must ex- 

 pect that this fact will be considered by many as a 

 mere assertion, and there are others who are still in 

 doubt about it ; the latter, however, own that they 

 either have not made the experiment, or have sown 

 their Oats too early, and, therefore, had cut them 

 oftener than twice, in order to prevent their running 

 to ear, whereby the plant loses the power of surviv- 

 ing the winter, and of being transformed into Rye. 

 I cannot notice such adversaries as reject the result 

 without haying put it to the test of experiment, or 

 who rest their opposition on experiments that have not 

 been conducted in the right manner. Let any one 



sow Oats during the latter half of June, and the trans- 

 formation in question will certainhj take placet The 

 time of sowing the Oats did not formerly appear of 

 paramount importance, nor was it believed that it 

 could make any difference whether the Oats were 

 cut more than twice; in consequence of which a few 

 experiments have failed. Now, however, we must 

 conclude, that if the transformation occasionally takes 

 place with Oats that have been sown too early, that 

 is merely an accident depending on a peculiar state 

 of the weather, or other accidental circumstances; 

 whereas the result is quite certain if the Oats are 

 sown towards the end of June. If the soil is too dry 

 about that time, one of the reporters on the subject, to 

 the Agri. Soc. of Coburg (Lieut. Donauer), concludes 

 from an experiment he made in 1837, that one water- 

 ing, so as to enable the Oats to germinate, may be re- 

 com mended ; although if this be done repeatedly, the 

 high temperature of the season will cause the plants 

 to grow so luxuriantly, that it becomes necessary 

 to cut them three times when about H foot high, 

 to prevent their forming their ear, whereby the 

 object would be wholly or partially lost. Jf, how- 

 ever, among those who doubt the fact, there be found 

 people who pity us because we trust more to actual 

 experiment than to theory, we should almost fee] 

 tempted to pity theorists, whose self-sufficiency has 

 prevented them from thoroughly investigating an 



/ 



79 



important phenomenon which was notice so many 

 years ago. Nor can we commend the discernment 

 of such as are unable to discover in the plants in 

 question both the preceding year's dry stubble, an 

 leaves of the Oats, and the fresh stalks and leaves of 

 the Rye which latter form in May upon the crown 

 or the Oat p.ant, and produce fine winter Rye 

 1 he Society takes credit to itself for perseverance! 

 in having struggled against the opinion of the public 

 for several years, in order to establish a fact which 

 no physiologist would believe, because people are 

 always apt to confound the laws of Nature with those 

 of their systems." 



Such is the state of the case, as far as is at present 

 known. We cannot conclude our relation of these 

 strange stones better than in the words of Dr. 

 Weissenborn himself. " It is not," he says, « with 

 a view of engaging anybody to believe the alleged 

 transformation, that I call the attention of the 

 luighsh reader to the above observations, but merely 

 from a wish to relate a curious phenomenon whose 

 irequent recurrence can hardly be doubted, on 

 account of the mass and respectability of the evidence 

 now before the public ; and the cause of which, for 

 the same reason, it appears not altogether irrational 

 to inquire into, by repeating the same experiment in 

 various localities." 



We wish we could persuade a few gardeners to 

 bear these statements in mind, and to make the 

 trial next year, when midsummer arrives. It is a 

 question much more likely to be answered satisfac- 

 torily m a garden than in a farm. 



OX PRUNING FRUIT TREES. 



As the pruning season is at hand, I beg to offtr a few 



remarks on Pear pruning, more especially the new 



Wemish kinds ; as also a brief account of their general 



management as pursued by me for the last eight or ten 

 years. ° 



m It is notorious to all who are in any way conversant 

 in gardening affairs, that by the old method of close 

 spurring, the trees on walls became gradually barren 

 with their advance in age: this barrenness proceeding 

 from the centre of the tree to the extremities, until at 

 last some three or four hundred feet of walling would be 

 occupied for the sake of a few dozens of Peart, hangine 

 at the extremities of the shoots. 



Now the loss of walling, which of itself is no trifle, 

 was not all in this case. The tree had to undergo a 

 thorough revision every year, at stated periods, not with 

 any hope of inducing the tree to become in any way 

 more prolific, but to keep up the decent appearance of 

 the wall. 



The habits of the Pear being duly considered, and the 

 cucumstauce of such limited powers of leaf, with unli- 

 mited powers of root, being taken into consideration, 

 who could wonder at such results ? A wall of trees 

 treated In this way, if it could be placed on the ground 

 in a horizontal position (with the trees attached), would 

 be no bad representation of a coppice in miniature ; and, 

 indeed, the principal points of management bear no small 

 resemblance. To excite the woody'principle is the sure 

 result in both cases ; but change the case with regard to 

 the Hazel coppice ; let the trees grow up free from the 

 pruning knife, and consequently suffer the elaborating 

 powers to reach or overtake the absorbing ones, and the 

 result will be Nuts, instead of crate-wood or faggot-ties. 

 In the case of wall Pear-trees, an objection of a se- 

 rious appearance seems to stand in the way : I mean the 

 exclusion of light by suffering the tree to remain un- 

 pruned. There is, however, no real difficulty in the 

 affair, as I have proved by experience. The root must 

 be limited— the power of making shoots placed under 

 control. It is well known that the absorbing powers of 

 the Fig are so great in our humid climate, that ail good 

 cultivators take care to limit its roots, without which, it 

 is in vain to expect success ; and the leaf by this process 

 being much reduced in size, the exclusion of light is by 

 no means so great. Now the tender Flemish Pears are 

 in precisely the same predicament as the Fig, if left un- 

 controlled at the root ; the elaboration of the tree, and 

 fructifying sap is ever in arrears. 



In stating my practice, I will begin with the young 

 trees from grafts. I make it a rule to transplant them, 

 annually, if possible, commencing with the young plant 

 in the autumn succeeding the grafting season. My ob- 

 ject is to exchange tap roots for fibrous ones, and con- 

 sequently prepare them for a system of complete root- 

 control; thoroughly ripened and short-jointed wood 

 here the object to be obtained ; and the next and im 

 portant object with me is to prepare mounds of brick or 

 stone on which to place them in their final destination. 



The subsoil must of course he free from any lodge- 

 ment of water, and if not naturally so, I of course in- 

 troduce drainage. The soil I use, and which seems to 

 be the best adapted, as coupled with my shallow border 

 system, is a strong and rather clayey loam from old 

 pastures, which, if the pasture abound in soil, may be 

 dug, turf, soil and all, about six inches in depth. 



My platforms are about six feet square, and the fresh 

 du£ loam is rough chopped, and tumbled in without 

 farther ceremony ; no manure or vegetable matter of 

 any kind is mixed with it, and, indeed, it would be quite 

 superfluous — nay, injurious. The surface of my plat- 

 forms, before I introduce the soil, is about nine inches 

 below the ground level, and the soil when filled in is one 

 foot in depth, and consequently elevated three inches 





