1844.] ===== =^- 



He probablyonly means that the brute miod, having been 

 created, is as much under the Divine governance as the 

 material powers, qualities, and motions are ; in other 

 words, that mind was created, and matter was created ; 

 gnd that still the actions and passions of both ere con- 

 stantly under the guidance of the Creator. So at Sir 

 Isaac Newton would no more deny the separate existence 

 of the minds of brutes, than he would the separate exist- 

 ence of their bodies, or of the heavenly bodies. 



" B. Here are his own words. The passage occurs in 

 the famous 31st Query, or General Scholium to the Op- 

 tics ; and you see that, after recounting the struc- 

 ture of animal bodies as proofs of design, he adds, * And 

 the instinct of brutes and insects can be the effect of 

 nothing else than the wisdom and skill of a powerful, 

 ever-living agent, who, being in all places, is more able 

 by his will to move the bodies within his boundless uni- 

 form sensorium, and thereby to form and reform the 

 parts of the universe, than we are by our will to move 

 the parts of our bodies.' He proceeds to guard the 

 reader against a supposition of the Deity being the soul 

 of the world, or of brutes, or of his being composed of 

 members or parts, stating that he only 'governs and 

 guides all matter by his prevailing: power and will.' So 

 that you see he draws the distinction between the mind 

 or will of men, which influences the motions of their 

 bodies, and the influence which moves brutes ; plainly 

 enough referring the latter to the Deity himself, as the 

 pritnum mobile, or actuating principle ; for he allows 

 that the kind of ubiquity or universal action to which 

 you refer appl'es to our bodies, and I presume to our 

 minds also, which were created and are sustained by 



him." 



The remainder of the dialogue is taken up with the 



defence of the view of Newton, and pointing out its 

 bearing on natural theology. The necessity of admitting 

 such an explanation at once, places us for ever in con- 

 tact with God. 



The two remaining dialogues are devoted to the facts 

 and theory of animal intelligence. We have not space 

 to pursue his lordship through the interesting discus- 

 sions to which the facts give rise. Here are some 

 quoted from the work of M. Virey. 



"Thus the smallest bird, he says, can fly several 

 leagues in an hour ; the hawk goes commonly at the rate 

 of a league in four minutes, or above 40 miles an hour. 

 A falcon of Henry II. was flown from Fontainebleau, and 

 found, by its ring, at Malta next day. One, sent from 

 the Canaries to Andalusia, returned to Teneriffe in six- 

 teen hours, a distance of nearly 700 miles, which it must 

 have gone at the average rate of 21 miles an hour. Gulls 

 go 700 miles out to sea and return daily ; and Frigate- 

 birds have been found at 1 200 miles from any land. Upon 

 their migration he states, as a known fact, that cranes go 

 and return at the same date, without the least regard to 

 the state of the weather, which shows, no doubt, if true, 

 a most peculiar instinct ; but these, and, indeed, all facts 

 which we find stated by a writer so addicted to painting 

 and colouring, must be received with a degree of sus- 

 picion, for which no one but M. Virey is to be blamed. 

 The accounts, however, of the swiftness of birds, I can 

 well credit, from an experiment I made when travelling 

 on a railway. While going at the rate of 30 miles an 

 hour, I let fly a bee ; it made its circles as usual, and 

 surrounded us easily. Now, if there was no current of 

 air or draught to bear it along, this indicated a rate of 

 90 miles an hour ; and even allowing for a current, the 

 swiftness must have been great. I should, however, wish 

 to repeat this experiment before being quite sure of so 

 great a swiftness in so small an insect." 



The volume concludes with an abstract of Cuvier's 

 work on Fossil Osteology. Although much ought to be 

 added to bring this epitome up to the knowledge of the 

 present, day, it cannot fail to interest those who have any 

 taste for the study of geology. These productions of 

 Lord Brougham's pen must convince every one of the 

 vastly discursive power of his mind. He cannot, however, 

 be regarded as an authority upon the subjects on which 

 he treats in this book, as he is too much the scholar, and 

 too little of the naturalist, to give weight to his judgment 

 in matters involving a knowledge of the structure and 

 functions of the organic kingdoms of nature. 



The Florists' Journal and Gardeners' Record. 



No. 63. November. 

 This well-conducted and cheap periodical keeps up 

 its reputation. The contents of the present Number are 

 good and well-timed. The embellishments are usually 

 "well got out ; but, in the present instance, we object to 

 the representation of that pretty Pelargonium, Lyne's 

 Princess Alice, as being very incorrect in form. White 

 Perfection we have not seen. 



THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 



78 



display of bloom, and a fisit to the nursery will be 

 amply repaid by a sight of the collection. This season 

 is rather barren of new varieties, and few will be found 

 among the introductions of the present year to enrich a 

 fine collection ; but though few, we consider the Queen 

 of the Yellows, a rich yellow buff; Annie Salter, a clear 

 pure yellow; and the Queen of the Gypsies, orange buff, 

 as distinct and fine flowers well worthy of cultivation. 

 Among the older varieties we noticed very fine speci- 

 mens of Defiance, Victory, and Invincible, among the 

 whites, and those which approach the whites, such as 

 Celestial, Mirabile, &c., as being remarkably fine flowers, 

 finely developed, and the plants having splendid heads of 

 bloom. Marshal Soult and David among the pure yellows 

 were conspicuous from their compact and finely-formed 

 flowers, and among the changes to orange and buff, 

 with the mixtures approaching the rich browns, there are 

 some large and fine flowers ; Incomparable is a very fine 

 buff; Irene, Imogene, and Demosthenes, are desirable v 

 rieties ; and Aristides. bright orange and brown, is a very 

 handsome flower ; Isolier and Phidias, though ra»her 

 small, are distinct and desirable, being of a rosy red, and 

 blooming freely. To this class of colours should be 

 added Anne Jane and Count d'Eu, being both excellent 

 sorts for a collection; Louis-Philippe proves a decided 

 acquisition to the lilsc or purple class, and the flowers 

 are very superior to those of last season ; Marshal de 

 (requi, though email, is a very desirable variety — it 

 blossoms most abundantly, and undergoes changes in its 

 progress to the perfect bloom, which are very pleasing ; 

 General Lsbnrde is another fine compact flower, worthy 

 attention. Those we have noticed were varieties con- 

 spicuous for their fine colour and freedom in blooL g ; 

 but the whole collection is well worthy attention. The 

 Camellias are looking remarkably well, and promise an 



abundance of bloom. 



T. A. Phillips's, Esq., Thorn field.-- There is in t 



Pine-stove 

 measures 19 



length. This variety _. „ 



as the Montserrat and Jamaica. 1 presume that it will 

 not weigh less than 8 or 9 lbs. It is planted out i; the 

 bed. This fine fruit is in my opinion much superior to 

 one of a New Providence which I saw cut, and which 

 weighed 11 lbs. 8 oz. ; and I trust that those who have 

 doubted the possibility of accomplishing such a result 

 will not lose the opportunity of seeing it. Although 

 large and well formed Pine-apples are often produced at. 

 Thornfield, yet this is not the result of wide planting; 

 on the contrary, the plants are crowded even to excess. 

 In a pit 23 feet in length and 7 feet in width, there are 

 now growing 60 plants, from which Mr. Hamilton says 

 that he will, in all probability, cut a second crop next 

 year of 250 lbs. of fruit.— J?. H. 



The Illustrated London Almanack. 1845. 

 This is one of the many attempts to substitute some- 

 thing rational frr the foolish almanacks of times that are 

 passing awav— and, we may add, one of the most success- 

 ful. It is filled with illustrations, some of which, repre- 

 senting the signs of the Zodiac, are executed with con- 

 siderable artistical taste. As it is chiefly devoted to the 

 natural history of the months, it is just what the readers 

 of the Gardeners' Chronicle are most likely to find use- 

 ful. It is difficult to im: ne anything cheaper. 



Miscellaneous. 



Borax in Bread—One of the means employed to give 

 bread made of bad meal a good appearance, is borax. 

 According to Duville\ the bakers use about 4 oz, of 

 borax to 100 lbs. of flour. To detect the borax in th 

 bread, a considerable quantity should be extracted w 

 water, the filtered extract clarified by boiling with albu- 

 men, and strain, d ; upon this concentrated sulphuric 

 acid is added while stirring, and it is then placed a>ide. 

 If borax is present, crystals of boracic ac >arate, 



which are now readily detected by their well-known re- 

 actions;— Chemical Gazette. 



Chinese Ice-houses.— The ice-houses around Ningpo 

 and especially on the banks of the river between that ci' 

 and Chinhae, are beyond calculation. They are built 

 above the ground, and generally npon a platform of eart 

 raised so as to be above the level of the surrounding 

 fields. Upon such a mound a bamboo frame is thrown, 

 which is well and closely thatched with paddy straw. 

 The ice is collected in tanks or ponds, which the pro- 

 prietors of the ice-houses take care to keep duly filled 

 with water during the winter season. When the ice is of 

 sufficient thickness they collect it; and, as it is brought 

 in. each layer is covered with dry straw, and m this 

 manner the ice is preserved during the whole summer. 

 Each house has its own drain, to draw off the water 

 caused by the melting of the ice. The article is not used 

 in Ningpo for private consumption, but solely as an anti- 

 septic for flesh and fish during the heats of summer. 

 The inhabitants know no'hing of the mode of cooling 

 their liquid, except as they have observed foreigners u. 

 it for that purpose, and then they are very wilting to 

 retail it to them at the rate of about 80 to 100 cash p< 

 bucket, a charge by no means excessive during the dog- 

 days. In places like Foochow-loo, the seat of Chinese 

 luxury, ice is occasionally used to cool fiuits, sweetmeats, 

 ic- Friend of China. 



CALENDAR OF OPERATIONS 



For the ensuing Week. 



latter cm not be made to rl«wer before the end of - ternber, 

 when plante ut in a border ; therefore April is time enough 

 to give it the final pint e former, on the Other hand, 



will flower by the middle or end of May, if closely prune i now. 

 When pruned in February, It flower- about midsummer ; and if 

 cut in April, a month later. Both these useful climbers suc- 

 ceed much, better in a targe conservatory, with a fixed roof, 

 an in a stove or interim ite boose. Ipomcea t> bias 



' receive any pruning- til March, as it grows later 

 ?.n the other two. P a flowers, unless they are much 



crowded, need i be pruned or thinned until January. Few 

 climbers repay one's care better than Passion-flowers, bu ey 

 are often lef: so thick as to com pit > do away wifet r na- 

 ve gracefulness. 



j c. — This his been ft dull unfavourable month for fording 



plants, and many things will be later than they were last 

 season ; but to make up for this, hardy plants, such as Lilacs, 

 R?i dodendrons, &c., are ii better bud than usual. We have 

 had no u-e for strong fires yet, and in this cloudy weather much 

 less watering and svringing is r-cessary. It is a dantrrrous 

 practice to force hard till after the end of December ; 6;.- with 

 fire-heat is high enough for any useful purpose until that 

 time.— U.B. 



II.— FLOWER GARDEN* AND SHRUBBERIES. 



Out-door Department. 

 I hnv been frequently upbraided during the autumn for not 

 having mentioned some new plants wi i arc likely to prove 

 o ul for flower-garden purpoe the :on cf c itry 



enen appearing * e that, because a man re s i ear 

 town, he must of necessity sec soi hing among new plants 

 which may do for 1- ding- oat. Veron speciosa, I imagine, 

 ill make an , provided i be induced 



r liberally;; sit eds freely, 1 1 be no diffi- 



culty in procuring plants. The plants should be strong, and 

 dwarf at the time of turning out, as it is fr» the fcti -est 

 shoots that it g rally oms. Pentaacarneais a plant from 

 which much is expected by some cultivators j but ing from 

 ical / , it is vct loubtful whether it will make a fine 

 onp, except in very warm and favourable t I. It is 



lilv propagated cuttings. hales macrophyUa, 



ig yellow, will be ful, either for a large bed, or j cd 

 down f all one ; it will require a r poor soil t<- m .ke 



it flower pn Alona cceWis, a nt which will pro- 



bably b known as the new shrubby Nolana will, doubt- 



less, make n fii 8 bed, bat of its culture I can say nothing at 

 present. Th rf Phloxes, of which we have now so nice 



a collection, will be in demand next r.son: but the 



plants In which 1 j e the prcatest confidence for a r 

 feature h wer garden, are Mr. Girl s Petunias, and 



s which have n notU during the Beason in this 



P. n some of them are exceedingly beautiful.— W.P.A. 



IV.— FI ,ES, VINERIB*. &c. 



p( t trief.— The r s of Pines cannot be allowed to stop 



grow for want of heat, without rec injury. It a ars 



at they cannot remain *ta ry, but must be either a vane 



in in growth or decaying. 'Suffii t b .m-heat should be 

 maintained to keep them slowly advancing throu t the 



white from 80° to 85° will bo f nd t i* both the fruiting 

 and succe n plants. If this beat is steadily maintained, and 

 the r< t rather dry than moist, they will he ke| na 



healthy state through I he winter, which Is a great ( icratum 



in Pine-prov 



Finer —In starting Vines by means of fermenting matter, 



lid within the house, a considerable proportion of leaves should 



be mixed with the dung-, to pre t the steam from the latter 

 f ril , . disco ; t) e rafters and s r if the vapour is 



U to be too strong, a tlrn covering of old tan i'l prevent 

 anv "injurious effects. Should the weather continue mild, it 

 will be necessary to open the lilfttors, so that the temperature 

 I may not ex d 50° for the first eight or ten di Wrap seme 



| c rse Moss round the stems rf the Vines to where the bearing- 

 v c mtmences, and keep the M lst,rn order to -revert 



the from being dried up by the heat from the flues. In 



are out e of the house, snd if there is the lifter of 



nno anmand, this, with a portion of leaves, will be 



suf: keep up a fine genial 1 in the border, the nsu.: 



of which will be very in the progress o( the Vn.es inside. 



p •,./>, ._ ] not uncommon to sec many of the buds of 

 healthy t (ffina dry withered state, ju>t alter the 



rcing has coram . I will net say the be r being to 



drv is the I cai • i«, but I believe it is often one cause. 



Ifthelighl reman on the bouse during the au-umn, 



lo.k to the etate of the border, and give it a sufficient watering. 

 Keep the shoots n St by the frequent use of the syringe; it 

 rarelv be neci ive a> r during i me at ibis 



I1f till the I «e nearly expanding. Let the ou e 



dcr be covered with litter. _ ' 



Vines, Peaches, and Figs in IVs.-These should be plunged 

 in old tan cr leav • her is an open shed or in qc warm 

 Itered situation. Oak-leaves are an excellent material for 

 rote t'n tr the roots of nts in pots from frost. Let them be 

 laid two or three inches above the rims ot the pot*, and covered 

 over with old tan to keep them from blowing about.— G. I . 



V— HARDY 1RUIT AND KITCHEN-GARDEN. 



p £.— Proceed wi'h these operations in all 



favourable », if wholly deferred until spring, tre pro- 



per p. rmance of them will be apt to interfere w.t h other 



altera then demanding att. tion. If the ti ere s > 



attended to in sum re will no'. much u a t 



£ be rem. ed now. Vines and Raspberries d, pre- 



rionslv of all unrec had better have the r its re- 



S rlS Jnsho. d. until the rigour of winter - ye 



Garden memoranda. 



Messrs. Chandler and Sous, Vauxhall.— The Chry- 

 santhemums at this establishment are now in perfection, 

 and we recommend every lover of these beautiful flowers 

 rot to lose the present opportunity of seeing them; for 



notwithstanding the unfavourable season, there 13 a fine the sane way, assoo 



I.— HOTHOUSE, CONSERVATORIES, fee. 



Orchidnceas.-K mild moi-t November, with little "'".'«; 

 t le ore it, is much in f.vour of these plants, as they go more 

 ' Xaily Xo rest, watering and strong n,e. » not : beioj ^ 



rv T rgrecn sorts are. however, more likci.. to suu 



I en chVKr frost? weather comes -. »« P-^ ™3 

 p,ndcd from the roof, *o. : therefore it i* a ■ *™ d ' ™* » l0 ^J 

 m.p siisuended one - mucn as is coutcnient, lor tvto or uirce 



'SmSSSuS. ten,per.ta« being ah; »n> 



In the of the h -n-e • np near the glass ; this may UK 



a rtsast ~;v 



ed, if quality ratner man iwu^JJ" 1 ™ , V, 

 a V be tr ed in milar manner, if the rreferabl 

 t'adopt having the fruit produced chiefly on the young 



£»od. or on the small spare on wood of two or three *«a 

 ?rowth .Apples and Pears against walls shou d have tbalf 

 fru • ring s-.-nrs kept as near the wall as P c ; only 



jo I the Dent eJ the wall, and prevent the a >Uiness 



of Ion 



of good 



ErdaTwul JurnieVa g< lesson on this sublet. In the case of 

 me of our best sorts of Pears, wl, have a tendency to form a 

 >d blossom-tud at theend of short shoots of the present year s 

 owth, care should be taken to re i a sufficiency f them, 



and if long enough, to fasten them closely to the wall. Plums 



may be pruned much the same as Pears, but as the best fruit il 

 generally produced on wood of two or three years' *• .owtu, 

 hould be taken to lay in a little young wood ever ason 

 Those not much accustomed to nailing, are very apt .er to 

 use shreds too short, or too many of them. Trees, «*f i f»J 

 young ot are often Irreparably ruined by the former and 

 made to resemble ragsho^s by the 1 er. Compared 



WUIUW3, I * I-**"- /- ' - . 



ever tty it may be to es beautifully trained, the 



C 5 1 object by driving I close to anch, 



Sttaii o it so as to endanger the bark, ought on 



c ice ting t f 

 or, ga 



n , nretence to be a d. Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots.- 



P fee young ots so I from tne wall. -I 



;: ,cur no rSsVof b' broken by b rous_winds, toortar 



Unfa-dcn the young 



felrthe , pSt prattonaTi i sing ag* the wall may be duly 

 Opened before it is cxi d to severe frost, and also that 



