1844.] 



Zil£_^RD E N E R S' CHRONICLE 



seldom fail to produce fruit in perfection the fbllowin ?of water „u lra a — 



year. In the months of March and April following, if toJ^JT^LVfl^ 1 ° Q * »* ' d 



the same plant is again examined, the buds that 4ere oe U J \t i tae 1 air ' a « v ' elias enliven the pro 



observed in the axil of each leaf will be found to have ?h™ «r i.fJ". ^ the d, . rection uf the jet, the dis- 

 produced a few leaves, and blossoms will be perceived at 

 the crown of the runner ; during the time that it is per- 

 fecting its fruit, the buds before mentioned will in one 

 part be formed into runners whose sarmentum will have 

 removed them to a distance, whilst the other part of 

 them will be formed into offsets, which are closely 



797 



clurg. of water is a>^ s aT^, ££? "^ 



SSL h 'JHSS C0Me ? 1 u * ,,ce «f 'be «jn.l pressure of 

 fluids in all directions. Water spoutine from a small 

 •jotago has sufficient reiocity to Varrr it tothe .am 



them will be formed into offsets, which are closely entirelv this hX\ V \ "! e reservoir » but « never attains 

 attached to the parent stem. It is of importance to ob- ' n"ni caw-a ' if P ? S ^ er \ ted h ? ™ io "* concur- 

 serve, that at the same time the offsets are producing —;«.*■ X *'J2 lst \ Fr ' ctl0n _» the tubes; 2d, Friction 

 leaves, that roots are also formed which strike into the 



soil, and those that are nearest the surface will be ob- 

 served to produce longer roots than those that are a little 

 elevated above the soil, but they are distinctly visible in 

 all. The crown of the original plant will, daring this 

 time, be considerably elongated, and the roots proceed- 

 ing from it will be found to have become ligneous and 

 fibrous, and of a deep brown colour. From this the 

 original crown, as before stated, I have reason to believe 

 no fruit worth notice is afterwards produced. Having 

 now brought the examination down to September or 

 October in the year following that in which the first 

 runner was examined, we have next to look into the 

 state of the plant in the following year. The runners 

 having taken root at a distance, will require no particular 

 notice, as they will be in the same state that the single 

 runner was at the same period in the preceding year, 

 when we commenced our observations ; but we shall find 

 the offsets under very different circumstances. Each 

 offset has become a perfect plant, with leaves and roots 

 and is qualified to produce fruit ; which it would no 

 doubt do, were it not prevented by want of space in 

 which it might develope itself. I have counted 36 off- 

 sets upon one Strawberry-plant, at this period of its 

 growth ; now, it cannot fail to be observed that each of 

 these offsets and runners will, after this time, annually 

 produce its runners and offsets, until the bed becomes a 

 dense mass of unproductive plants from the want of 

 space, and from being deprived of sun and air, so neces- 

 sary for forming and elaborating the sap for the produc- 

 tion of fruit.— JP. Darke, 335, Coventry-road, Bir- 

 mingham. 



Bees.— In consequence of reading Mr. Pettigrew's 

 Articles on Bees. I was induced to make a large hive <>0 

 inches in diameter and 13 inches in depth, on the 1.3th 

 of May last. I placed a good first swarm in this hive 

 and on the 26th of the same month I put a second 

 swarm into one of Mr. Goldiog's hives. Both swarms 

 worked well until September, when I removed the bees 

 from both hives and took the honey. The large hive 

 from which I was led to expect so much, yiefded me 

 IU lbs. of honey, and the small one, from which I ex- 

 pected but little, gave me 12 lbs. What might have been 

 the result had I waited until another season I cannot 

 teli ; but I am disposed to think that Mr. Pettigrew's 

 hives are much too large for a locality like this, where 

 the honey-gathering season is of short duration. So 

 much time is necessarily spent in furnishing these hives 

 with comos, that but little is left for storing them with 

 honey. — Thomas Buckland, Iieigate. 



Covering for Frames.— About a month or two ago I 

 prepared the coverings of some frames with the varnish de- 

 scribed by « Devoniensis " at p. 301, 1813, and again at 

 p. 392, 1844. I gave them two coats, allowing the first 

 coat to get quite dry befofe the second was put on— (it 

 did not dry so quickly as I anticipated) ; after the cover 

 ings were finished they were very transparent and almost 

 colourless, and they remained so until a few days a«-o, 

 when I perceived that they had become quite yellow • 

 they were not in use, but were hung up in a dry airy 

 place ; ethers which were varnished a few days before, 

 and which are in use, remain as transparent and colour- 

 less as when first done. Can you tell me what is the 

 probable cause of this change, and whether there is any 

 way of restoring them to their original state? — 



■*••*. Y. [Perhaps "Devoniensis" will be so good as 

 answer this.] 



Poller's Guano — I have this year tried Potter's 

 guano, which I have found to be quite equal to the 

 character which it receives. I used it for aunuals, at the 

 rate of G oz. to the square yard ; the flowers were both 

 larger, and remained longer in beauty than any I have 

 seen this season. The annuals were sown on a border 

 where Gooseberry tieas had grown for several years ; it 

 aad not had any manure given it for two years. J have 

 also used Potter's guano for Onions, at the same rate, and 

 ™e result was quite equal to that from old horse 

 manure, but not better. For flowers I consider it far 



-C. J. Perry. 



against the circumference of the aperture- 3d The re 

 sisumceof the air ; its weight obs^VrttlJ'ct 

 Jumna Thus the Emperor Fountain, lately erecte 



SfMVw a '2 ° f 381 ^ "* --s a^t G 



feet in height. The above causes account for the loss ; . 



befit* J?"/ a ^ ^ laid t0 a corresponds 

 height, the column of water would then rise to the height 



of the place from whence it was supplied. In order to 



make large jets rise higher than small ones, the conduii 



pipe must be large enough to furnish a sufficient quantity 



ofwaterto supply them. Hi ,v Infornu us that the 



acents were far before us in this d ghtful on .ent. 



Greek cit.es were adorned by them: in Corinth t! e 



were several ; m Rome, Frontenus was employed in 



erecting fountain, ; Pompeii had many, some of 'which 



remain to this day. The Fountain of Trevi, and the 



Pauline Fountain at San Pietro, in Montono, are immense 

 piles of architecture. Italy has employed all her talent 

 in designs for this purpose, and Paris has many—we may 

 call it the City of Fountains; but London, although 

 well supplied with water, is almost destitute of this or- 

 nament. However, I am glad to perceive a growing 

 taste for them in the nobility and gentry, for decorating 

 their flower-gardens, &c, as well as in the Government, 

 for placing them in the public p 3 of the met. »li 8 . I 

 need scarcely remark that it would add much to the 

 cleanliness of this vast city if one was erected at the 

 corner of every street, where there is spice. I hail the 

 present day as one of great improvement in this parti- 

 cular. Mr. Roe, in the Strand, has turned his att Ion 

 to the subject, and I trust he will meet with encourage- 

 ment. He has also improved the Hydraulic Ram, by 

 which he can raise water from a fall of 10 feet to the 

 height of 300 feet, without labour. The following area 

 few of the largest fountains in Europe :— 



The Emperor, at Chatrworth, height jet 

 Wilhcmhcehe Fountain in Hesse Casscl 

 Fountain St. Cloud 

 Petcrhoff, Russia 

 The Old Chatsworth 

 Versailles . 



beneficial, on 1 .ant of ins< n g from then 



»n.o the water, and serving as food for the frlu-f™ 

 /trader* —S* 



. Aw-The recommendation of « A Gardeners' 



Wile to be careful, is one which will apply to every 

 person, at all times, and under all circumstances :_foT 

 instance, too much care and study can hardly be be- 

 stowed, before forming an opinion which is adverse to 

 he plain truths of Morphology. It hi true that opposi- 

 tion, like the fiery furnace, will serve to refine it, and 

 separate its dross; but it is not so apparent that those 

 who condemn, without giving it a candid and unpreju- 

 diced examinat ., are altogether bla less. When 

 this lady can spare time from her domestic engagements 

 to give ( subject such a consideration, I have no doubt 

 that her opposition to it will cease , and, intini n- 



n< das she is with t taion of gardening, per- 



haps no study, apart from her own peculiar province 

 m.d present an , qually engaging field for the ex< w 



of her mental facultl W. . pcc , the A menes, 

 she will then, perhaps, distinguish between expressions 

 which respectively relate t e and ultimate 



results. 1 may men that in as far as I have 



eddied with 1 Lis su , I have sought rather to exrifaj 

 inquiry, than to make c rtl ; and I am happy to find 

 that this ob ,ccn realised.— T. Moore. 



The G« n Pippin,— From several statements in the 

 iromcle, it would appear that an opinion generally 

 prevails, that the Golden Pippin cannot now be success- 



£67 feet 





 160 

 120 



94 



po 



superior to any manure I have tried. 

 tlandsworth. 



Planting Fruit-trees — This spring I limed three 



e *ly-planted standard Apple-trees, having previously 



cut away, close in, two-thirds of the shoots, applying 



orsyth s plaster to the wounds in a careless way. The 



tl7 Sp !" lng lias mucn damaged new-planted trees ; these 



ree Apple-trees have, however, made splendid shoots. 



*Jl & i ems have 8 row u very much, and the bark the most 



Jointing Earthenware Pipes.— I see by the Chronicle, 

 that many of your correspondents are inquiring for a 

 mode of cementing earthen pipes for conducting hot 

 water. I have never used any such myself, but if some 

 of them would try the following, ii it has not already been 

 tried, probably it might answer their purpose ; in which 

 case I trust they will make ki.own the result to the 

 public. I have seen ft used by potters where pots have 

 cracked in the kiln, and afterwards hare found them to 

 be quite sound and useful. Take one pint of sweet milk, 

 nearly two pints of buttermilk, mix the milks, and put 

 them on a slow fire till they turn into curds ; then strain 

 them and save the curds. Previously get some good 

 roche lime, pound it fine, and sift it through a fine sieve. 

 Mix the lime with the curd well, until it is tough, and 

 then lute the joints well with it ; the pipes should be 

 dry when the cement is applied. It will be sufficiently 

 hard in a few hours, and will not, I think, be affected by 

 hot water. More cement than can be used in half-an- 

 hour ought not to be mixed at a time, as it will get so 

 hard as to be unfit for use. It may be coloured, if ne- 

 cessary, with a little Spanish brown.—/. Lyons. 



Fuchsias — Observing in a late Chronicle the state- 

 ment of " A. C." respecting the keeping of strong shoots 

 of Fuchsias among powdered charcoal through the win- 

 ter, has induced me to mention the following plan, which 

 I tried last year with success. On the 20th of Nov., 

 when I cut down the Fuchsias in the shrubberies, I 

 selected the strongest shoots, and making them into cut- 

 tings, planted them into the open border, in rows aboat 

 1 foot apart. The plants stood about 3 inches apart in 

 the row, and were covered over with fresh leaves to keep 

 out the frost. The leaves were removed in the month of 

 March ; and at that time the buds on the Fuchsias were 

 breaking. I took up one or two of the plants which I 

 found had made fibres about 2 inches in length. I put 

 in 900 cuttings in this samft way, and out of the 900 

 ab)ut 880 struck roots and flowered well through the 

 summer. Another plan i» to tie them up into bunches, 

 and placing them below a Laurel bush, for the purpose 

 of keeping them from frost, to make them into cuttings 

 in spring, and plant them then ; but they flower much 

 earlier when put in in November. About the place 

 I where I reside, there are some thousands of Fuchsias in 

 the shrubberies. When I cut them down last year, 1 

 dug into the ground some of the branches, which struck 

 root next spring, and set up young shoots. They grow 



80lQOth 1 ' "*"""l ""** «•«*'"<"«* '■"*■' uavofc -*wa« oj/iiug, aim BCfc Up JUUOg MIOOIS. XUC) g«W« 



had n 1°' shinin g that can be conceived. They here as freely as Willows.— W. C, Forfarshire. 



but nnM- i 1Dg ° nly * The other trees similarly treated Fish-ponds.— la answer to " E. W. M." (p. 784,) 



sbrnr ■ are very inferio >" in appearance, although " " 

 anamg with them. I applied turpentine to one which 



nur. C ° Vere x With the white bli « ht . brought from the 

 8er y- It killed the blight where it went, but burned 



^» — _ _-_ j 1 * ft Ana * 



»- -" ~«"cu tuts ongnc wnere it went, out ourneu 

 an«. C< V ° r 80metl »ng like it. Would a weak solution 



rem^ f * {' U ' t N * S P irits of tar are the best 

 remedy for American blight .] 



Rive'm d ' £a "'— Tucre are few things in gardens that 

 more Pteasure to the eye than a diversity in the play 



respecting these, I beg to quote the opinion of Salter 

 — a good angler, and a person who seems to have 

 studied the nature of fishes. He says, " It is improper 

 to plant trees close to a fish-pond, because when the 

 leaves fall they rot, and make the water unclean, and 

 consequently injurious to the fish." These remarks 

 apply more particularly to 6tews or small ponds : on the 

 other hand, if the ponds are large, and have a good stream 

 running through them, the trees, I conceive, would be 



fully grown in this country. This arose. I I from, 



a speculative opinion of the Mi. Knight, 1 



this variety was in the last stage of decay. It has like- 

 wise been si tt« d that M repeated attempts ha\o not been 

 wanting by planters to substitute these old fruits as 

 orchard-treei again, but all have hi I > proved unsuc- 

 cessful." I have known the ( Jen Pippin for these 40 

 years, and can safely er that 1 have seen as few *ymp- 

 toms of decay about it, as about any other fine > ty of 

 the Apple whatever, when under proper treatment, Tj- ie 

 first ( n Pippins whi.h I remember to e 1 1 



were growing in ( lest i'g g ar d,n f Dalkeith Park! 

 then celebrated for its Golden Pippioi and May Duke 

 Cherries ; the tree? were trained against a stone wall 



which was 10 feet in height, and each tree covered a 



space of 30 feet in length. 1 can well remember the 

 excellency of the fruit, but I have no recollection of any 

 appearance of d ty or iker about tl . trees; the 

 soil was light, about 2 feet in depth, aud the subsoil 

 was a bed of gravel. About 22 years ago, an old 

 Golden Pippin tree was blown down in the cottage 

 gard . Nonsuch Park. I was directed by mv employer 

 to endeavour to obtain a few grafts of it, "as he was 

 desirous that so good an Apple should be preserved in 

 the neighbourhood. I went and found that the stem 

 was, indeed, In the last stage of decay ; the top had 

 already been cut into fnggots, and was piled on the 

 wood-stack, to the top of which I had to scramble. It 

 was with great difficulty that a few grafts could be got, 

 the young wood not being above half an inch in length ; 

 the scions were grafted on Crab stocks, and did well.' 

 The young trees were, after two years* growth, all given 

 away, exc . one, which was planted in an open, un- 

 sheltered situation, in a very stiff soil ; the subsoil was 

 a strong clay. The ground had, however, previously 

 been well drained, and has, ever since the tree was 

 planted, been under a course of vegetable culture. How 

 those trees which were given away may have succeeded 

 I do not know, but the one which was retained has done 

 exceedingly well. It is now a fine healthy spreading 

 tree, with not the least symptom of canker about it, 

 freely producingfruit, which is sound, and without blemish, 

 of a rich yellow colour, with an abundance of spots or 

 freckles of a russet tinge. That this is the true old 

 or original Golden Pippin, I have little doubt ; the tree 

 from which the scions were taken, to judge from the size 

 of the trunk, must at least have been CO years of age, 

 and I believe that the varieties cf the Golden Pippin 

 which we now possess have been obtained at a period 

 subsequent to 80 years ago. Now, if a scion taken from 

 a tree in the last stage of decay can, by grafting it upon 

 a proper stock, and growing it in a suitable soil, be so 

 invigorated that it increases yearly in *ize, health, and 

 luxuriance, producing fine crops during the greater part 

 of 22 years, may we not reasonably suppose, that under 

 the same circumstances it may be continued to a much 

 longer period, and that it may be renewed and continued 

 indefinitely? , I have seen the Downton Pippin in such 

 a state of disease and canker that it was taken up and 

 thrown away as worthless, and after lying about for a 

 week, when replanted in a different soil and situation, it 

 has become healthy, divested itself of all appearance of 

 canker, and produced an abundance of fruit. The Old 

 Nonpareil, too, I have known to be so much diseased, 

 that out of a bushel of fruit scarcely six Apples have 

 been worth preserving for dessert ; but by trenching and 

 renewing the soil, and properly pruning the tree, it has 

 so far recovered, that latterly, and this year more par- 

 ticularly, it has borne as fine fruit as I have ever seen. 

 Again, Apple trees, apparently in the last stage of decay, 

 have by being grafted with sorts that are coarser feeders, 

 having stronger organs of digestion, had their enfeebled 

 stems overlaid with new and healthy wood, the bark has 

 become clean, and all appearance of disease has vanished. 

 But when we take into consideration the way in which 

 orchards have generally been managed, the too frequent 

 neglect of judicious pruning, and the consequent ex- 

 hausting crops with no return of restorative nutriment 

 to the soil, with occasional ungenial seasons, we need 

 not wonder that Moss, Lichens, canker, and other debili- 

 tating causes soon render the Golden Pippin and other 



*f 



