8J2 _ === ==^^- 



^Tthw kind Ins bee.. "bserred at present. Those who 

 hive an opportunity of observing the parus.te on young 

 Zl from P its first appearance, would do a benefit t 

 sdene'e by recording their observation,, without which* 



is impossible to suggest any remedy. rnnntrie , 



One or two allied genera occur, in tropical countr.es, 

 which have precisely the same habit, but they ^are , not ^f 

 .ufficient importance to demand our attention here. 



M. J. B. ====== 



BREWING. . 



Having observed several inquiries renting brew- 

 ing, the answers to which appear to me to be very « ,de 

 of the mark, and thinking that a mode which I have 

 practise™ without a single" failure for many years, and 

 all th ough the summer.'even in the hottest *«*•',»« 

 be usefully made known to those who »" 'gnorant of . , 

 I am induced to send it ; premising that _ the »ode » 

 well known in Berkshire, and no doubt fa other coun 

 ,7e ." d that, although I am well acquainted w.th, and 

 prac'tise occasionally the general method of brewing by 

 cooling and working with ,e«st-a»d when I do so, I use 

 Z thermometer and .aecbaro meter-in the mode I am 

 now about to recommend, I dispense with both those 

 fa.tr.mwU. with the coolers, and with the working rt« 

 and the beer is made and caske.1 all in one day; fa 

 Sort! thto mode is commonly called « brewing red 

 hot " But first, let me tell the ■« Farmer's Daughter, 

 and .11 others, that two things are indispensable to he 

 process ; and the first is, that the copper, mash-tub, 

 under" ck, and casks, should .11 be ; - ctean .. a m, k 

 p.il or . wine decanter | and secondly, that it is useless 

 t P o .ttempt brewing in any way, if the cellar is not of a 



temperature, say from 45 w to bU | B n 

 . ..' ;* ia r\f Tin us* to brew. 



THE GARDENE RS' CHRONICLE. 



fDEC. 21, 



^ 2 — ZTZh^thTZ^^nt. fine, but growth far from I the one is nearly on a level with the sea, the other 50C 

 Crimson odorata.— scent nuc, uu. b u.i:™ an A in th* ^.rr «f TT„„i««^ 





tolerably even tvuay«— » — , , 



rises above the latter in summer, it is of no use to brew, 



for the beer will not keep. 



I will suppose, then, that the brewer has three 18 

 gallon casks (for I am going upon a very sma 1 scale) , 

 lend one to the best public brewer who may live con- 

 veniently near, to be filled with good dear beer of mo- 

 derate strength ; this will cost from 15a. to 18s. Get 

 from a first-rate maltster, 3 bushels of best pale malt 

 ready ground, and 3 lbs. of the best Faroham Hops (and 

 here I may say that, according to taste the Hops for 

 each bushel of malt may vary from half a pound to 

 two pounds). Boil the water (soft, if you have it 

 clean, but it signifies little) and run it into the 

 mash-tub ; wait ten minutes, and put in the malt ; mash 

 it well in the usual way, cover it up, and let it remain 

 four hours ; before vou draw it off, have, In some vessel 

 near, a copper-full or two of water, nearly boiling ; draw 

 off the first wort, and put it into the copper with the 

 Hops, and set it boiling j then take a clean watering-pot, 

 dip out the hot water that is handy, and water the 

 grains in the mash-tub, keeping the mash-tub tap run- 

 ning till you have sufficient to fill up the copper" ; this 

 drains the grains as effectually as three mashes, if well 

 done, and it should be very gradually, and take half an 

 hour at least ; the copper must then be watched till it beats 

 pure, as the brewers call it; boil an hour and a half ; 

 rake out the fire, draw from the cask of beer one-third, 

 and put it into one of the other barrels, and another 

 third into the second— you need not be very nice about 

 the exact quantity ; thus, each cask will be one-third 

 full. Then, I need hardly say, very carefully put the 

 hot liquor, Hops and all, stirring it up, that the Hops 

 may be equally divided, into the casks, and your brewing 

 it done. You will, however, have kept back enough to 

 fill the casks, as the liquor sinks in them from evapora- 

 tion, and about two gallons in a large pitcher, to fill up 

 for three weeks or a month, because the fermentation 

 will be more like that of wine, than beer in the usual 

 way, and is sometimes so slight, as to be hardly per- 

 ceptible : you may tap it at the end of a month. When 

 the first cask is empty, clean it well out ; draw off three 

 gallons of the second cask, and brew another bushel of 

 malt, as before ; and so go on brewing a bushel at a time. 

 Now, the principle of this process is, that the old beer 

 supplies the place of the yeast ; some people tun upon 

 grounds, and some tun the hot liquor into an empty cask, in 

 which case it is longer in coming round, for want of fer- 

 ment, but is equally good. When brewed very strong, 

 this sort of beer is apt to be more heady ; but I prescribe 

 for the working-man, who wants no strong beer. Of 

 course, the process must vary much, according to the 

 size of the copper and other circumstances, in each indi- 

 vidual case, which one set of directions will not embrace. 

 If the copper is very small, there must be two or three 

 mashes (the first two or three hours only) instead of the 

 one mash which I recommend, and the sparging with 

 the watering-pot. In conclusion, this method will enable 

 the honest, hard-working gardener, who dreads the 

 dawdling process of the usual plan of cooling and work- 

 ing, to brew his own beer.—//., T. C. Q. f Oxford. 



vigorous, and rather delicate. 



bellow Briar. Sar let sweet ditto -Flower of a bril- 

 liant scarlet ; this class, however, and many others, are 

 uncertain in their growth, cannot always be retained 

 and from their natural habits of dying off in parts, are 

 amongst the most uncertain as to eventual success. 

 //arnWi.-Colour bright yellow ; appearance not 



"to^*0an,.-V«y old Rose, but profuse in 



*^^CM~™^ » 'colour, beauti- 

 ful in shape, and by some held in the highest estima- 

 tion ; the wood is vigorous, and must be left very long 

 in the shoot to insure flowers. 



DWARPS— BEAUTIFUL BUT DELICATE. 



To be worked on slight stems, those of a year s 

 growth being preferable -.-Tea Hymene Tea fra- 

 Vrans Tea gracilis, Tea odorata, Tea Hamon, 

 TuZnl Tea Lyons, Tea Hardy, Tea Carokne, 



Rose de Siam, Tea Hardy. 



The six last new Roses, though in the writer a pos- 

 session, have not been seen by him in flower, and he is 

 not acquainted with their habits ,-Chromentda La 

 Reine, Charles Souchet, Comte de Rambuteau, Madame 

 fZmichpt Tea Devoniensis. 



The above Li 8t contains many Roses that have been 

 but recently thrown, as well as many that have been long 

 cultivated. ' It has been the object of the writer to give 

 the names of those which he admires most, witnout re 

 ference either to long standing or novelty ; but amongst 

 the large collections now made, there are very many de- 

 irablef though not here mentioned The cultivator i. 

 recommended, therefore, to choose the periods of flower- 

 ing, both in spring and autumn to visit the best nur- 

 series convenient to him, mark the trees he means to 

 have (not merely ordering the plants to be sent), and be 

 persuaded into buying none that he does not very much 

 admire. By visiting several nurseries, he will be inclined 

 to reject some Roses, which only rise in his estimation 

 because a peculiarly favourable situation had given the 

 plants unusual health and beauty, and choose others 

 which had suffered in appearance from an opposite 

 cause, but which he will find, on second examination, 

 well worthy his best regard He will t*?™1^**> 

 would not otherwise have obtained, and if he purchase 

 with reference to real beauty only, whether of flower, fo- 

 liage or growth, he will find his success satisfactory and 

 hUoutlaj moderate. If novelty, uncombined with these 

 advantages, form any part of his object, almost every 

 nurseryman can, from time to time, add to his collec- 

 tion. He must not be disappointed if he find some of 

 his Roses do not flower as well with him as elsewhere, 

 very much depending upon the nature of the soil that 

 supports them ; he must, however, be careful as to one 

 thing, which is, if his plants be placed on Grass, not to 

 let the turf be put round them the first year, as it ab- 

 sorbs all the rain that falls, however much it may be, 



and starves the trees. . ■ 



The advantages of free-growers are, that at almost 

 every season they will afford buds fit for use, and many 

 of them continue to bloom and look handsome till the 

 end of autumn, and the number of shoots from a single 

 bud are unlimited ; thus forming a head the first season, 

 and restoring the activity of the whole tree, in a short 

 space of time. They are not, however, quite so easy to 

 keep in order as the other sorts, and they are more apt, 

 on first coming into leaf, to attract the aphides, that 



digging 



feet above it, I believe, and in the heart of England. 

 Both these places have been quoted by you. I know 

 that the difference of elevation of 50 or GO feet doei 

 much to the human constitution. — C. W. [We attack 

 no importance to this point, so far as the cultivation o 

 the Potato is concerned.] 



Liquid Guano. — Exhaust the guano, in the first in- 

 stance, by steeping it in water. This will give liqui 

 No. 1. Then add 1 per cent, of borax to the water a 

 which it is steeped, and try the effect of that. If ycu 

 should be astonished, do not be surprised. — Timothy 

 Pickle. N.B. You may use the borax at first, if you like 

 Autumn-planting Potatoes. — More than 20 years 

 ago, I heard my labourers (in Ireland) talk of an old 

 and general custom of their forefathers, of leaving the 

 seed of the future crop in the ground, and splitting with 

 their spades the larger Potatoes, when they were digging 

 out the crop of the current year. It is a very common 

 thing in Ireland to leave ridges of Potatoes undug till 

 the ensuing spring, either from some unfortunate circum- 

 stance befalling the owner of them, or from their being 

 so bad a crop, as not to be worth the trouble of 



Now, scarcely any of them have more than a 

 covering of four inches, and many of them not more 

 than an inch, yet their suffering from frost has rather 

 been the exception than the rule. By an agricultural 

 survey of the county of Wicklow, I saw some years ago, 

 it appeared there is a strip of bog near the sea, in which 

 they plant the White Kidney, in the month of Septem- 

 ber, and supply the Dublin market with them in the 

 month of May following. They are, however, treated 

 with a double allowance of manure, and well covered- 

 say with from four to six inches of the boggy soil. In 

 the county of Tipperary, 18 years ago, I planted Pota- 

 toes (whole ones, called Quarries), in September, and 

 dug them in May, but the winter was very mild. I 

 planted five or syc years ago in Donegal, in the winter, 

 Potato sets that had sprouted in the house (a warm 

 room), preserving the sprouts on them, and began to 

 dig them of very good size on the 18th June ; the crop 

 was a heavy one. In this country, where Potatoes 

 occupy about one-third of the tillage lands, a furrow 

 cannot be turned in spring without meeting with in- 

 numerable Potatoes, that have been all winter left m the 

 ground, at a depth scarcely ever exceeding four inches, 

 and very few of these are found injured by frost. I feel, 

 therefore, assured that little danger is to be apprehended 

 from frost in an autumnal planting, and especially where 

 the seed is deeply buried ; and I think either in autumn 

 or spring planting, they will be more productive , when 

 deeply set. I would never wish them to be less than da 

 inches deep; and although it is ^^P/f^V^ 

 acts more powerfully on wet, than on dry ground, yet 

 havTno "recollection of having found Potato* puffer 

 more in moist ground-I will not say absolutely wet— than 

 in dry ; but I do recollect an instance, lo years ago at 

 a time when a disease called the rot prevailed very 

 generally in the neighbourhood, and destroyed more than 

 ffif tL Potatoes^ the country that .plants » *• 

 autumn some Potatoes in dry, and moi «|-I TO^ 



32 ^^£^£?£ sf-r? 



u viv°ed. I iTave frequently planted in the auturnn 

 and winter without suffering loss by it, «y »^ 



never hesitate so to do. K»» ^*J"- 

 able to plant before the Potatoes are ^ «b-sted by g 



on nrst coming mm i^<«> -« — • r • y 



little terrible insect, the scourge of the Rose, and for delay 



i- * _j_^._-«.~ w,nnno rxf rlpcfmptinn is known: mien 



able to plant betore tne rot™ — _ . ~ 



ing out in the spring; l^^^^^^J^ 

 delayed till late in the spring, I tb ' n * ™ s ?™ nfW for 



THE ROSE-GARDEN.— No. XXIII. 



(List of Rotes continued from page. 831.) 



STANDARDS AND DWARFS. 



Hybrid de Luxemburg, Clair's Four Seasons, Tri- 

 iphe d'Ange, Brown's Superb, Globe White II >v, 



Common Noisette, Scarlet Perpetual, Ghtre, Camellia 

 Rouge, Heloise, Noisette pulchella, Lodoiska, Rien ne 

 me Surpasse, Reine d'Espagne, Renonculc rouge. 



Village Maid.— Growth formal, no scent, but stripes 



of slaty hue ; singular. 



Fringed Province.— Growth as the Cabbage, but 



buds beautifully, crested with moss. 



Du Roi Well known to all. 



Yellow China 

 not always to be 



which no adequate means of destruction is known ; 

 though destroying, by the hand, at the commencement 

 of the season, is the most effectual means of keeping 

 down. As it is not only inconvenient and tedious to 

 make use of the fingers for the purpose, as well as diffi- 

 cult to remove the insects without crushing them upon 

 the shoot, which invariably either retards or stops its 

 growth, the readiest method is to brush them off with a 

 common painter's brush, made of bristles, the hair of 

 which viz. that part which is below the binding, is about 

 an inch and a half long, and the same in circumference. 

 Lay the shoot along the palm of the left hand, and pass 

 the brush from the bottom of the infected part upwards, 

 and with a very little practice you will be able to clear a 

 plant of its tormenters, without injury either to the 

 bloom or to the tenderest shoots to which the brush u 

 applied, in a space of time which would at first appear 

 impracticable. — A. H. B. ^____ 



Home CorresDondence. 



Disease of the Larch.— Observing in the Chronicle 

 (p. 796) some remarks by " Ruricola," on an insect 

 which infests Larch-trees in spring, I am induced to 

 mention that in the month of March, 1841, a small flock 

 of Siskins (Carduelis spinus) frequented this neighbour- 

 hood for a short time, and that their food during their 

 stay partly consisted of an insect very similar to that de- 

 scribed by « Ruricola ;" indeed I have no doubt but it 

 was the same. These insects were to be found on the 

 young branches of the Larch, especially around the base 

 of the leaf-buds. Observing the birds feeding on a tree 



• ayed till late in tue spring, * •«.-- ~ ': n ^ n d e d for 

 might be obtained by burying the P^^^t there 

 seed, three feet under the ground. \\ e know 

 are certain depths at which see s wil no ^germ ^ ^ 

 and I believe Potatoes will not at three re ^ 



surface. To test this, ^^/.^f^Vout "rtone ol 

 than three feet deep, and put into : t about i 

 Potatoes, and covered them with three fee ot c y 

 with the rest of the ground, and have p an ten ^ 



over them. I propose panting Potatoes i r 



field about Christmas, and in May • I wil .open F 

 and plant one-half of the Potatoes that are m it , , t ^ 



maining half I will i™«*^*t%™* **' 

 take them out as good and as fresh as in y b( 



A difficulty in planting Potatoes ™**™£™ {ov them 

 alleged in the farmer not having mj ^^re m^b. 



iaKen out w aa*j •*—» tt" ?P l .. __ t e t large sets 

 leave, of the plants will drink it : up. ^ ^ wan 

 from large Potatoes, be planted,^ and the roo ^ 



none of it : fine strong shoots wij «■"£ ^ l0 u 

 among sioaes.-James M. Goodi^e, , ur ica 



readers must remember that this »tew*ting com 

 uon relates to the mild climate o J^] ^_ 



Brown's Liquid /^^'TnYrnose as Hereman' 

 This seems to answer the same , purpo e a H ^ 



few years ago, where the vineries were ^ery, . n ^ ost 



but this I hold is easily 

 taken out at any time, and 



of this species, I shot one, and on examination discovered 

 that they had been devouring these curious little insects, 

 which appeared to me to resemble very much the plant- 

 lice. This is one among many instances of good done 

 to the gardener or forester by insectivorous birds— A.J. 



The Potato In the cultivation of the Potato, which 



you are bringing prominently into notice, should not 

 some reference be had to the elevation of the land on 



few years ago, wnere *u» "™rr RU cceeded in almo* 

 fested with mealy-bug ; he has since ««^ ede . ia the 

 entirely extirpating these pests, by pe ^ g aS * a s 

 use of the following mixture, and Jy w « 

 nrudenO keeping the foliage syringed with aw 



5«oiift«v fc ^ - irtttw r«Sb« »■ ««* 



of soft soap, 2 lbs. of flowers of wlP^J „ of n trx 

 .obacco. hnff a gill of oil of turpentine and 2 0*.^ 

 vom ica (the latter m powde r). The ^J, -| 



vomica (the latter in powaer;. y^^ water , stirrinr. 



flK ro7JT~ -me reference be'had to the elevation of the land on j phur ^^^^^'t^ must be cnt, n» 



l L ong' oval, and singular in th. bud ; which the experiment is made ? Fo r instance Stockttm- hem jej ^f» ^ t|elf for aa hour and a half in 

 l kept healthy. [ on-Tees and Birmingham are situated very differently , [ twisted, anu ooiicu j 



