1899.] OENIS OF SAO PATTLO. 511 



the whole of Brazil. On the contrary, in the orders Steganopodes 

 and lAmicolm, all the species enumerated are of very wide distri- 

 bution, there being very few of the occurrence of which, in 

 Sta. Catharina and Rio Grrande do !Sul, I am uncertain, namely 

 Anliinga anldnga, Tringoides macularius, and Hoploxypterus cayanus. 

 The proportion of widely distributed species of birds which occur 

 in Sao Paulo may be readily seen from the following estimated 

 percentage : — Pici, per cent. ; Clamatores, 15 per cent. ; Psittnci, 

 20 per cent. ; Oscines, 24 per cent. ; Accipitres, 63 per cent. ; 

 Striges, 80 per cent. ; Steganopodes and Limicolce, 100 per cent. It 

 is quite evident therefore that, for the discussion of geographical 

 distribution, the value of the different orders is quite unequal, and 

 that most of them have little, if any, importance as regards our 

 knowledge of the Zoo-geographical Provinces of Brazil. 



The difficulty of the study of the different zoo-geographical zones 

 which are distinguishable in the State of Sao Paulo, is due to the 

 fact that we have not only to separate northern and southern 

 elements, but also western, which represent the fauna of Groyaz and 

 Minas advancing beyond its borders. Pelzein first noted this fact, 

 but bis demarcating Unes are merely imaginary and without 

 sufficient foundation. 



The number of species belonging to this Central Pauna in 

 Sao Paulo is estimated by me as about seventy. I may mention 

 as some of its characteristic species : — EhampJwcoelus jacapa, 

 TacJiypJionus meJcdeiccics, Icterus pyrrhopterus, Nemosia pileata and 

 N. guira, Brotogerys chiriri, Thalurania eripliile, Stenopsis candicans, 

 and Nothura media ; and as typical genera, Polioptila, Agelmus, 

 Icterus, Tiaris, Tceniopfera, Muscipipra, Eapcdocercus, Habrura, 

 Piprites, Metopia, Casioi-nis, Geohates, HerpsUochmus, Lepidolarynx, 

 Ganipylopterus, Eupetomena, Heliactin, Galbula, Brachygalba, and 

 Taoniscus. 



I believe that we ought to add to this list the species of Corvidce, 

 the genera Anadorhynchus and Ai-a, and some species of Chrysotis, 

 such as C. astiva. It seems that some of these western species are 

 at the present time occupying parts of Sao Paulo, where they 

 were not represented in the beginning of the present century ; as 

 I shall point out in the case of Fumarius rufus. 



A great number of these species of the Central Pauna are birds 

 of the campos ; but it would be quite wrong to suppose that this is 

 a universal feature, as in Groyaz and Matto-G-rosso, as also in Sao 

 Paulo, the Central Pauna includes both campos and forest birds. 

 The last-named birds follow the Eiver Parana, and, in Sao Paulo, 

 its confluents the rivers Tiete and Paranapanema. 



The avifauna at the mouth of the Tiete Eiver, at Itapura, is 

 that of Matto-Grosso and Goyaz ; and this fauna extends from 

 Itapura to Avanhandava, at the mouth of the Eio Morto, and 

 probably farther up. I have no personal experience of it, but I 

 have received good information on the subject from intelligent 

 Brazilian hunters. 



The occurrence of such notable forms as Ara chloroptera and 



