1899.] BLOOD-VESSELS OF TELEOSTEAN EISHES. 949 



on the left, and the origin of the cceliaco-meseuteric artery is 

 nearer the middle line than in Eippoglossus. In Mugil (fig. 8) 

 the circulus cephalicus is considerably longer than broad, and 

 the coeliaco-mesenteric artery arises from the median aorta behind 

 the entry of the third and fourth branchial vessels, and not as in the 

 two preceding genera. In Osmerus (fig. 10) and Alhula (fig. 11 ), 

 also, the coeliaco-mesenteric artery arises from the median aorta, 

 but the subclavian arteries take their origin immediately behind 

 the point of entry of the common trunk of the third and fourth 

 branchial vessels into the aorta, and not behind the coeliaco-mesen- 

 teric artery as in Mugil. 



In Scopelus the circulus cephalicus is small and nearly circular 

 in shape, and the portion of median aorta intervening between its 

 posterior angle and the mesial ends of the common trunks of the 

 last two branchial vessels is unusually long. In Malapternrus 

 (fig. 12) and Esox (fig. 15) the coeliaco-mesenteric artery arises 

 from the aorta immediately ventral to the mesial ends of the 

 common trunks of the third and fourth vessels; in Cyxmnus 

 (fig. 13), Cobitis (fig. 14), and Marcusenius it arises more posteriorly, 

 and in Anguilla (fig. 16) considerably farther back. Except in this 

 latter respect, the arrangement of the vessels in Marcusenius very 

 closely resembles that of Esox. 



Judging by the excellent figure of Tinea published by HyrtI 

 (7. pi. iv.), this genus exactly resembles Ctjpriuus in the dispo- 

 sition of the vessels of the efferent branchial system. The efferent 

 vessels of Cyprinus were figured by Duverney (6. pi. ix. figs. 17 

 & 18) nearly 140 years ago ; and although the figures are in- 

 complete, the essential features are correctly represented. In Cypri- 

 nus, and according to Hyrtl in Tinea also, there are two pairs 

 of subclaAnan arteries. The anterior pair, arising in front of the 

 common trunks of the last two branchial vessels, supply the upper 

 part of the pectoral arch, the posterior pair the lower part of the 

 arch and the pectoral fins. A somewhat similar arrangement obtains 

 in Esox. The mode of origin of the anterior pair has been re- 

 marked by Midler, and quoted by Stannius (22. p. 103, footnote 3) 

 and Owen (18. p. 270, and 19. p. 489), and these vessels are shown, 

 although not named, in Maurer's figure (13. pi. xi. fig. 1). 



The circulus is large in Malapterurus and AnguiUa ; and in the 

 latter genus a median vessel, occupying the position of the anterior 

 continuation of the primitive median aorta described in Selachian 

 fishes by Ayers (4), may be traced forward from the posterior 

 angle of the circulus. It soon forks, and is ultimately lost in the 

 mucous membrane of the roof of the pharynx. In Anguilla, also, 

 the origin of the posterior carotid artery is much farther removed 

 from the entry of the first branchial vessel into the circulus than 

 is usual. Meckel has stated (14. p. 193) that in the marine Eel, 

 Murcenophis helena (Murcena helena), the anterior lateral trunk 

 formed by the union of the first and second branchial vessels is 

 three times as long as the posterior one formed by the union of 

 the third and fourth. 



