1898.] MYOLOGT or THE TEERESTBIAL CAKNIVORA. 163 



semioaerabranosus ia this order as having a femoral and a tibial 

 insertion (see fig. 2). 



Semiieadinosus.— This always rises h'om the tuberosity of the 

 ischium, but often has an extra head from the transverse processes 

 of two or three of the anterior caudal vertebrae (see fig. 2). "Where 

 these two heads unite, in the upper third o£ the thigh, there is often 

 a transverse tendinous intersection, e. g. Genetta (23), Viuerra (17), 

 Herpestes (30), Nasua (68), and Lutra (93). The insertion is into 

 the inner side of the cuemial crest of the tibia just below that 

 of the gracilis and into the fascia of the leg ; the lower fibres are 

 continued with those of the biceps down to the calcaneum, helping 

 to encapsule the tendo Achillis. 



In the Felidae the caudal head is not present — Fells leo (2, 3), 

 F. pardus (6, 7), F. pardalis (8), and F. catus (9). In the Viver- 

 ridse, if we except Proteles, the caudal head is always present in 

 addition to the ischial one— Cryptoprocta (13, 1-4, 15), Viverra 

 (16, 17), Viverricula (19), Genetta (20, 22, 23, 2-4), Paradoxurm 

 (25, 26), Herpestes (29, 30;, and Cynictis (31). 



Among the Hyseuidee, with which Proteles as usual agrees, the 

 caudal head is wanting — Hycena striata (33, 35, 36), If. crocuta 

 (37), and Iroteles (32). 



Among the Canidse there is no caudal origin in Canis famiUaris 

 (39, 48), G. aureus (50fi), or C. mtsomelas (51). 



In the Ursidae the same description applies — Ursus amerkanus 

 (58, 59, 62). In the Procyonidse the two heads are always present — 

 Procyon lotor (63, 64, 65), P. cancrivorus (67), Nasua narica (68), 

 N. fusca (69), N. rufa (70), and Cercoleptes (72, 73, 74). 



Among the Mustelidse the caudal head is sometimes present, 

 sometimes absent. It is present in Galictis vittata (75), Mastela 

 foina (78), Ictonyx libyca (84), and Lutra (88, 90, 93). Absent in 

 Ictonyx zorilla (83) and Meles tarus (86). 



From the above it will be seen that the presence or absence of 

 the caudal origin of the semitendinosus is very characteristic of 

 different families of the Garni vera ; it seems always to be present 

 in the Viverridae and Procyonidse, always absent in the PelidsB, 

 Hyaenidse, Canidae, and Ursidse, while in the Mustelidae it is in- 

 constant. 



Flexor cruris lateralis {Biceps femoralis). — This muscle, as has 

 already been pointed out, forms part of the same sheet as the 

 ectogluteus and tensor fasciae femoris, it is therefore difficult to 

 decide whether certain bundles of fibres should be included in the 

 description of the biceps or of the ectogluteus ; this is especially 

 the case with those fibres which are inserted into the lower end of 

 the femur. The biceps in all cases rises from the tuber ischii, but 

 it may be reinforced by an extra head from the caudal vertebrae ; 

 this head is quite distinct from the tenuissimus, which will be dealt 

 with later, and from the caudo-femoralis, which has been already 

 considered. The insertion is into the fascia of almost the whole 

 of the outer side of the leg, the highest fibi-es going to the patella, 

 while the lowest are continued down with the tendo Achillis, and 



11* 



