878 ME, F. G. PAESONS OS THE [NoV. 29, . 



Tarsal joints. — The astragalus is bound to the calcaneum by 

 dorsal and interosseous ligaments ; they are both very strong, and 

 the latter runs from the plantar surface of the head of the 

 astragalus to the anterior part of the dorsal surface of the 

 calcaneum. 



Dorsal ligaments between the other tarsal bones are present 

 but are not worthy of special mention. The calcaneo-navicular 

 ligament is strong and consists of two layers of fibres ; the plantar 

 run antero-posteriorly and the dorsal transversely. The long 

 calcaneo-cuboid ligament is well marked and runs foi-ward chiefly 

 into the origins of the deep muscles of the sole ; beneath the bases 

 of the 4th and 5th metatarsals there is a sesamoid bone in this 

 ligament. The short calcaneo-cuboid ligament lies deep to the 

 last and is entirely concealed by it ; it is well marked and runs 

 from bone to bone. 



The Tarso-metatarsal joints have dorsal and plantar ligaments. 



The Metatarso-phalangeal joints have two sesamoid bones 

 developed in the plantar ligament ; these bones are firmly connected 

 with the phalanx, but very loosely with the metatarsal bone, so 

 that they can glide over the head of the latter ; lateral ligaments 

 connect the metatarsal bone with the phalanx and each of these 

 with the sesamoid bone. 



Digestive System. 



The Palate. — Just behind the upper incisor teeth is a well- 

 marked fossa g inch deep (A, fig. 8, p. 879) ; behind this are two 

 triangular patches of fur, the apices of which meet in the middle 

 line (C, fig. 8). Behind these, on each side, there is an elongated 

 piriform fossa which projects backward on the outer side of the 

 molar teeth, lying between these and the zygoma (B, fig. 8). The 

 anterior part of this fossa is the broader and is g inch deep. 

 Posteriorly it tails off and becomes shallower. The hard palate is 

 raised into nine transverse ridges on each side ; the hindermost of 

 these is opposite the premolar tooth. The anterior five of these 

 ridges meet their fellows in the mid line. The posterior four fail 

 to do so. The hinder part of the hard palate is smooth. The 

 soft palate and the pillars of the fauces form a piriform opening 

 of small size, through which the naso-pharynx communicates with 

 the bucco-pharynx. 



The Tongue is remarkable for the presence of a large number of 

 filiform papillae on its posterior third ; they are long and quite hide 

 the circumvallate papillae. The foliate papillae are feebly marked, 

 and consist of fourteen short parallel slits on each side without 

 any definite oval ring enclosing them. 



The Stomach is almost human in shape, except that the part 

 corresponding to the greater cul-de-sac is ill-developed. The 

 greater curvature measured 6| inches, the lesser Ig (see fig. 9). 



The Duodenum forms, as usual, a large free loop ; it is 11 inches 

 long. The rest of the small intestine measures 6 feet 5 inches, 

 making a total of 7 feet 4 inches from the pylorus to the ileo- 



