Phrenology. 69 



angle of the eye, down by the nose and across the mouth. In 

 man, provided he is not an idiot, this angle is always considerable 

 compared with that in most of the inferior animals.* Dr. Barclay 

 used to lay upon the table the head, for example, of a crocodile 

 or alligator in which the intelligence is low, and the facial angle 

 so small as to be very acute, and he would follow out the analogy, 

 through the other reptiles, through the fishes, the cetacea, the 

 birds, the quadrupeds, the quadrumana, (monkeys, and ourang 

 outangs, those caricatures of our race.) and so on, up to man. 



He was fond of describing the skulls of individuals of many na- 

 tions and countries ; for instance, of barbarous and animal man, 

 as seen in the natives of Yan Dieman's land, of Australasia, of 

 New Zealand, in the Carib of South America or the West 

 India Islands, and in the North American Indian ; of man in a 

 more heroic but ferocious bearing, in the Bedouin Arab, the in- 

 domitable Moor, and the nomadic Tartar ; in a milder form, in the 

 Hottentot and Negro ; with still gentler modifications, in the half 

 civilized Mexican and Peruvian, and in the amiable Hindoo ; in 

 an improved condition in the ingenious Chinese, the effeminate 

 Georgian, the indolent Turk, the incredulous Jew, and lastly, in 

 ■the civilized European, appearing at one time as a peasant, at 

 another as an artisan — and to crown the whole, in the highest 

 elevation of the human character, as a philosopher and an enlight- 

 ened moralist. 



* The above will answer for a popular description ; the following is more precise. 



The facial line is drawn from the anterior edge of the upper jaw to the most 

 prominent part of the forehead, which is usually the space between the superciliary 

 ridges. A second or horizontal line is drawn through the meatus auditorius till it 

 touches the base of the nostrils and from this point it is still prolonged until it 

 meets with the facial line already described; hence the two lines may meet at or 

 very near the nasal spine or base of the nose, but in other instances, at a point 

 considerably anterior to the bone ; this is the facial angle, whose maximum ac- 

 cording to Camper, is 100°, unless in heads preternaturally large, as in hydroce- 

 phalus. The most ancient Greek artists chose the very maximum of the facial 

 angle, while the Roman graveurs were satisfied with 95°. According to Camper 

 the facial angle varies between 70° and 100°, from the head of the negro to the 

 sublime beauty of the ancient Greek models. "If" he remarks, "we descend 

 below 70°, we have an ourang outang or a monkey ; if still lower, a dog or a bird, 

 a snipe for example, of which the facial angle is almost parallel with a horizontal 

 plane." The facial angle as first indicated by Camper was not an accurate index 

 of intelligence, but in the improved mode of measurement by the facial goniome- 

 ter described by Dr. Morton, the objections to it are in a great measure removed. — 

 Dissertation «&c. quoted by Dr. S. G. Morton, Crania Americana, p. 250. 



