12 On the Height of Mountains, Headlands, fyc. 



posture, with the arms crossing the breast ; and are wrapped in 

 cloths of woolen, some of which are fine and richly colored. As 

 in the burial place near Arica, many of the skulls found here are 

 elongated, full two thirds of the cerebral mass being behind the 

 occipital foramen. 



In the southern extremity of the pampa a single grave was 

 discovered, distant from any remains of inhabitants, containing 

 a body lying in a horizontal position, and dressed in skins of pen- 

 guins neatly sewed together. At his side lay a bow and a quiver 

 of arrows, the heads of which were formed of carnelian. 



In various parts of the pampa are figures from twenty to thirty 

 feet in size, formed in the sandy marl of the plain ; the lines are 

 from twelve to eighteen inches broad, and six or eight inches deep. 

 The origin and meaning of these large hieroglyphics is unknown. 



The most useful and extensive works of the ancient inhabit- 

 ants which remain, are in the town of Pica, and consist of tun- 

 nels excavated through the sandstone of the inclined plain at the 

 base of the mountains, for the purpose of obtaining water for 

 irrigating the soil, and for which purpose they are still used by 

 the Spanish inhabitants. These tunnels. extend for a great dis- 

 tance, and when it is considered that they were formed without 

 the aid of tools of iron, we must allow to the people who con- 

 structed them no small degree of skill, perseverance and energy. 



Art. II. — A Neiv and Simple Method to find the Perpendicu- 

 lar Height of Mountains, Headlands, Sfc. above any given 

 datum, from Barometrical and Thermometrical Observations ; 

 by Oliver Byrne, Professor of Mathematics in the College for 

 Civil Engineers, London. 



[Communicated for this Journal.] 



Rule. — Add the allowance found in Table I, for the difference 

 of temperature taken by the attached thermometer, to the loga- 

 rithm of that height of the barometer which corresponds to the 

 least degree of the thermometer. Then to the logarithm of the 

 difference of the logarithms of the heights of the barometer ob- 

 served at the higher and lower stations, thus corrected, add the 

 logarithm of the allowance found in Table II for the mean tem- 

 perature of the detached thermometer, when increased by the 



