Photo by D. W. and A. S. Iddings. Copyright by Keystone View Co. 

 "hAMALS" (burden-bearers) on GALATA bridge: CONSTANTINOPLE' 



sisting the evil influences of his environ- 

 ment. Even among the governing class 

 there are found honorable and upright 

 men who lament the general corruption 

 and keep their own hands clean ; but they 

 are, unfortunately, powerless to mend 

 matters. 



On the other hand, it must not be sup- 

 posed that the Christians in Turkish 

 service are much better than the Turks 

 themselves. Some of the most striking 

 examples of men who could be named 

 today as representatives of everything 

 that is bad in the matters of Turkish rule 

 are so-called Christians. Speaking of 

 the system generally, and excluding in- 

 dividual cases, Turkish officials are in- 

 capable of even striving against the evils 

 which surround them and by which they 

 seek to profit. 



Nevertheless, the statement is true 

 that the religion of the Turk tends to 

 make him incapable of being a just ruler 

 over Christians. Mohammedanism pro- 

 duces this result by directly encouraging 

 the domineering spirit of the conqueror 

 over the vanquished by hindering the 

 moral and material progress of the con- 

 quering race, and by widening the gulf 

 between the rulers and their subjects. 



The spread of Islam was largely due 

 to the sword. Its teaching is that the 

 caffers, or idolaters, are to be rooted out, 

 but that the "People of the Books"- — 

 that is, the Christians and the Jews, are 

 to be spared if they submit and pay 

 tribute. At all times an unbeliever could 

 save his life if he would accept Islam. 

 Every career becomes open to the apos- 

 tate. The dream of the pious Moslem is 



II4S 



