192 Scieniifie Intelligence. 



Rapp has, however, found it in three calculi, two of which had a 

 crust of oxalate of lime, and the third, a crust of ammoniaco-mag- 

 nesian phosphate. It is best recognised by means of a solution of 

 caustic 'potash, in which these calculi completely dissolve, disen- 

 gaging ammoniacal gas ; but it is necessary to be certain that they 

 do not contain ammoniaco-magnesian phosphate. Silica has not 

 been found in any of the calculi examined by M. Rapp. Calculi of 

 oxalate of lime are the most common in the kingdom of Wirtemburg ; 

 in England, on the contrary, they are rare ; in the former there were 

 56 out of 81, while at Norwich, there were only 59 out of 181 ; 

 in the Hunterian Museum, 6 out of 150; 28 out of 87 at Guy's 

 Hospital 5 11 out of 187 at Manchester, and 65 out of 208 in the 

 collection of Bristol. — Idem. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 



1. Religious toleration in Russia. — Independently of the people 

 who profess the orthodox religion of Russia, there are in the country 

 Roman Catholics, Unitarians, Lutherans, Calvinists, Arminians, 

 Mennonists, Mahometans, Jews, Worshippers of the Grand Lama, 

 and Idolaters. The number of Roman Catholics may be estimated 

 at seven millions, and of other Christians, rather more than two mil- 

 lions and a half. The Mahometans of Kasan, Astrakhan, Siberia, 

 Orenburgh, the Crimea, Caucasus, Lithuania, and other places, 

 have mosques in the places where they have fixed their abode. 

 Their number amounts to more than three millions. Synagogues 

 have long existed in the cantons and cities inhabited by Jews, the to- 

 tal of whom is about five hundred thousand. With respect to Pa- 

 ganism, we must add to the gross idolaters who wander in the de- 

 serts of Siberia and in the Steppes of Kirguis-Kaissaks, the worship- 

 pers of the Grand Lama, and those of the Fetishes and Schahmans. 

 We should not omit, either the heretics and schismatics of the difi:er- 

 ent sects, whose religion seems limited to vain prejudices and super- 

 stitious practices. In the midst of such a variety of worship, reli- 

 gious toleration has always been maintained in Russia. During the 

 ten centuries of the existence of the empire, its history does not pro- 

 duce a single example of persecution by tlie Russian government 

 against a foreign religion, and the bloody name of religious wars is 

 not found in its annals. It would seem that in its ancient attachment 

 to the spirit of the eastern church, it has learned the moderation 

 which characterized true Christians in the origin of Christianity. — 

 Ferrusac's BuUetin, Nov. 1828. 



