36Q Portugal. 



of virtue in a future life. Among the philosophers, Pythago- 

 ras insisted much upon the connexion between God and 

 man, in estabhshing, on the system of the metempsychosis, 

 the reward of the good and the punishment of the wicked. 

 Socrates discovered the origin of justice in the divine will. 

 He maintained that the gods have a love for men, and infer- 

 red from their justice and their universal knowledge, that 

 they would punish the wicked. Plato taught the existence 

 of one God, who formed the world by a thought of his intel- 

 ligence, and he affirmed the immortality of the soul, and re- 

 wards and punishments in another life, in admitting the sys- 

 tem of the metempsychosis. He strictly inculcated upon 

 the minds of his pupils the identity of morality with the 

 worship of the divinity. Aristotle was one of the an- 

 cient philosophers who took the least pains to found 

 morality upon the attributes of the Deity. He proclaimed 

 that God is just, and that the virtues of men are agreeable to 

 him ; but he established no intimate relation between man 

 and the Divinity. He manifested, however, a great respect 

 for him ; though he seemed to prefer a general silence with 

 regard to God, rather than to celebrate him by doctrines 

 which appeared to him doubtful. The pride of the ear- 

 ly Stoics induced the greater portion of them to prefer 

 themselves even to the Divine Being; — the more modern, 

 (Marcus Aurelius especially,) were more reasonable, and 

 taught that it is necessary to be be virtuous and to do good 

 to men, in order to imitate God, and to conform to his will; 

 but they did not found this conclusion upon the doctrine of 

 future rewards and punishments. 



The author ta'kes occasion of the extensive details he has 

 collected relative to the uncertain morality of the Greeks 

 and Romans, to elevate, as it deserves, the excellence of the 

 Christian religion, and its vast superiority over every other 

 system of philosophy. — Rev. Encyc. (Languinais.) 



2. Portugal. — The king has decreed that there should be 

 formed in his capital, an extensive Lithographic Estaolish- 

 Rient, under the direction of Joseph Lecocq. His allow- 

 ance is fixed at five hundred dollars. By another decree, 

 there is to be established in Lisbon, a normal school for pro- 

 pagating the system of mutual instruction ; it is also to be 

 placed under the'direction of Professor Lecocq, who has 

 passed more than a year at Paris, in studying the new system 



