200 Appendix. 



rope, in this rock ; and I found the same on the south shore of Lake 

 Erie. I found the four following species, (all of which have been 

 found in Germany,) in the coral rag, over the cavern two miles north 

 of a little village on the Helderberg, twenty three miles south west of 

 Albany. Diplocteniura pluma, Lithodendron cespitosum, Coliimna- 

 ria alveolata, Gorgonia infundibiliformis. 



Fourth Cardinal Point. 



TERTIARY MARLS. 



Marly clay, London clay kind. — Placatula pectinoides. Nautilus 

 imperialis. These I found in New Jersey, south of Amboy bay, in 

 Middletown. 



Shell marl, or fresh water marZ.— Planorbis obtusa, Limnea 

 longiscata, L. minima. These 1 found in the stratified shell marl in 

 the bank of Erie canal, ten miles west of Onondaga Salt-works. 



All the organic remains, quoted above, are found on both conti- 

 nents in similar strata, known to all correct geologists by the name 

 here given. Though I have ascertained numerous other relics in 

 each stratum, I have introduced none but those which are well au- 

 thenticated, both in regard to their names, and the strata with which 

 they are respectively associated. 



Important inferences may be deduced from the establishment of 

 these four starting points. The argillite being between the granular 

 and carboniferous limerocks, the carbonaceous beds contained in it, 

 are, of course, made up of the genuine anthracite. The carbonife- 

 rous limerocks of Bethlehem Caverns, Catskill, Esopus, he. actu- 

 ally extend into Pennsylvania, and appear in view of the Hudson 

 and Delaware canal, until they pass under the rocks embracing the 

 coal beds of Carbondale, Lehigh, he. We are enabled to identify 

 these beds with those of the great coal measures of Europe. The 

 absurdity of treating them as beds of anthracite becomes manifest 

 on taking this view of the subject. The coal of these beds is the 

 Culm coal, or Kilkenny coal of Europe. It might be called Anas- 

 phaltic coal, or coal destitute of bitumen, like some varieties of the 

 great coal beds of Europe. 



The relations which our deposits of gypsum, &;c. bear to those of 

 Europe, may be shown by a reference to those estabhshed strata ; 

 and the practical mineralogist may be directed by them in all his 

 researches. A. E. 



Troy, N. Y. October 2, 1831. 



