THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. 67 
Now excluding merely fancied resemblances like d/ss and bless 
or Earle’s connecting the adjective sieer with the verb of similar 
sound, and cases like the derivation ot feed from food by ‘ mutation’ 
or ‘ umlaut,’ or such as ‘Jazz,’ which, though cognate, show a foreign 
vocalism, or like rood, rod are examples of the acting of diverse 
forces on the same word in different uses. We have left a very im- 
portant residuum, explicable only by gradation. These words fall 
into several classes of one of which we find types in the words Jzze, 
bit and abide, abode. ‘These words are particularly well worth con- 
sideration, as they show the manner in which derivation is illustrated 
by conjugation, and as their cognates throw light on the nature of 
gradation. 
We must begin, however, by tracing the history of their vowel 
sounds. The vowel sound of dz¢fe and dzde the simple form of abide 
now a diphthong was, as you know, a simple vowel in Anglo-Saxon, 
and that simple vowel in turn was a reduction of an earlier diph- 
thong, for as Brugmann lays down, primitive ¢ becomesz in the 
Teutonic languages before an 7 in the same or the following syllable 
e.g. ‘iri (our three) Goth ¢hrers (2. e. thris), = treis Skr. trayas ; stig-an 
= steich-o. Again theo of abode A. S. a@ represents a primitive o7 
Teut. az, as shown by wot, A. S. wat Germ. weiss = orda (oda), 
hence the A. S. conjugation. 
bite (1st sg. pres.) bat, pl. dzton, pp. diten, 
bide, bad, ‘* bidon, “biden, 
represent an earlier 
st sg. pres. *desto, pret. *boit, pl. *ditum, pp. *dit(e)no 
pres. *beido, pret. *boid, pl. *bidum, pp. *bid(e)no. 
With the latter compare its cognate, pettho, pf. pc-porth-a, pl. ppf. 
e-pe-ith-men, and the verbal (though differing in suffix) p7s-¢0-s, and 
we see that the short forms dd and pti belong to the plural and the 
passive participle whether the suffix is -20 or -zo. The reason for 
this becomes clear if, keeping Verner’s discovery [A] in mind, we 
compare : 
Pres. dite, pret. dat, pl. dzton, pp. biten, or 
_ pres. *beito, pret. *boit, pl. *bitum, pp. *bit(e)no 
with its Sanskrit cognate (using the future instead of the present, 
which has a different formation) 
bhet-sya-mt, pf. bibhéda, pi. bibhid-cma, pp. bhin-na, 
