1897.] MYOIiOGT OF THE TBBEESTRIAL CARNIA'OEA. 383 



scalenus brevis lies ventral to the longus and rises from the otli 

 and 6th cervical transverse processes, and is inserted into the first 

 rib dorsal to the brachial plexus. In Procyon (.53) it rises from 

 the 3rd, 4th, and 5th vertebrae, some of its fibres being continued 

 into the supracostalis and a few into the rectus abdominis. As 

 the names scalenus anticus, medius, and posticus give a wrong 

 idea of the position of these muscles in quadruped animals, we 

 have ventured to substitute those of ventralis, brevis, and longus, 

 more especially as we are not quite convinced that the longus 

 corresponds entirely to the human posticus (see tig. 0, p. 882). 



Muscles of the Dorsum of the Neck. — These muscles we find it 

 more convenient to reserve until we deal with those of the trunk. 



Muscles of the Anterior Extremity — Pectoral Muscles. 



It is doubtful whether any satisfactory division into pectoralis 

 major and minor is possible in the Carnivora. Young, in his 

 description of Viverra ciuetta, says that " the pectoralis minor is 

 wanting as usual in Carnivora" (VIII.). On the other hand, 

 Shepherd and Testut (XXIII.) describe a definite pectoralis minor 

 iu the Black Bear (XX.). Occasionally some of the deeper fibres 

 of the mass are inserted into the region of the coracoid process 

 and slioulder-joint, but they are not constant even in different 

 specimens of the same animal. As a rule four fairly distinct parts 

 may be distinguished, and the most satisfactory mode of description 

 seems to be to take an animal like the Racoon, which occupies an 

 intermediate position in the Order, as a type and to notice the 

 chief differences in other animals. In Procyon lotor (53), then, 

 one portion (a) rises from the anterior half of the sternum and is 

 inserted into the pectoral ridge in the middle two-fourths of the 

 humerus, the fibres running transversely (this is Windle's Super- 

 ficial Manubrial factor) (XLVII.). Another part (f3) comes from 

 the anterior quarter of the sternum, deep to the last, and is 

 inserted into the humerus from the great tuberosity to the middle ; 

 the fibres of this part run forward and outward (Windle's Deep 

 Manubrial) (XLVII.). The third part (y) rises from the middle 

 of the sternum to the sterno-xiphoid articulation ; it is inserted 

 deep to the last into the second quarter of the humerus and is 

 joined on its deep surface by the abdominal and dorsal panniculus, 

 with which it is more or less continuous. This part represents all 

 that there is of the abdominal pectoral or pect oralis quartus, and 

 corresponds to Windle's Superficial Griadiolar (XLVII.). The 

 fourth part (^) may possibly represent the pectoralis raiuor ; it is 

 the deepest layer of all and rises from the middle two-fourths of 

 the sternum, running obliquely forward and outward to the head 

 of the humerus and capsule of the shoulder (Windle's Costal 

 factor) (XLVII.). It will be noticed that each of these last three 

 layers is deeper than the one before it at its insertion. The pro- 

 portions and amount of distinctness of the different parts of the 

 pectoral vary infinitely and are seldom alike in two specimens of 



