DR. TH. NEUMANN. 185 



while animals walk on all fours and are forced to look 

 down to the earth, man alone is able to walk erect and 

 to look toward heaven. Let us consider apes — more or 

 less all anthropoid apes, Gibbon, Orang, Chimpanzee, 

 Gorilla give up walking on all fours and move around 

 on their hind feet only. This was only a consequence of 

 the struggle for life. The apes were rather badly off in 

 it, not only on account of their teeth, but also for the 

 want of any claws, so they rose up on their hind feet 

 whenever attacked and when they wanted to fight, 

 because then they were able to use their arms better 

 than when approaching the adversary on all fours. The 

 advantages resulting from this upright position were 

 so many that this way of going and standing soon grew 

 into a regular habit, just as man begins his career of life 

 as a quadruped and does not learn the erect walk until 

 some time has passed. 



Another fact on which a good deal of hope of marking 

 a difference had been placed, has been disproved by close 

 examination. Whenever we look at a represenative of a 

 lower species of monkeys, we find a more or less exten- 

 sive tail, and more than one philosopher has pointed out 

 with immense satisfaction that apes have tails while 

 man has none. Not to speak of the fact that there are 

 many tailless apes, especially those which are nearest to 

 man in their anatomical build, man himself shows rudi- 

 ments of that organ which in his earliest stage is even of 

 a very marked development. 



It afterwards turns inward, instead of reaching to the 

 outside, as may be seen in the picture of the human 

 skeleton, and this is the case also in the higher apes. 



The same striking conformity we find in no less degree 

 in all the other essential parts of the bodies of men and of 

 the highest apes. We find such a great harmony in 

 every part that Huxley, after a most careful and often 

 repeated examination, said : We may take whatever sys- 



141 



