DR. Til. NEUMANN. ^ 191 



and Africa, there are ants which not only have a military 

 organization and wage systematic warfare, but also keep 

 slaves and carry on agricultural pursuits. As to the 

 higher moral qualities, we know that love, gratitude, 

 devotion, the sense of duty and the spirit of self-sacrifice, 

 are proverbially strong in dogs, and nobody who is able 

 to observe would venture to assert that they are govern- 

 ed solely by a regard for their own individual well- 

 being. There are also many apparently well-authenti- 

 cated instances of animals deliberately taking their own 

 lives ; and without too credulously accepting anecdotes 

 of this sort, there is no psychological reason for reject- 

 ing them as grandmothers' stories. The mandarin duck 

 is proverbial for conjugal faithfulness, and jealousy is a 

 virtue (or shall we say a vice) quite sure to arise in certain 

 birds whenever the male shows a preference for one of 

 his mates. The instances recorded of animals holding 

 courts of justice and laying penalties upon offenders are 

 too numerous and well authenticated to admit of any 

 doubt. It is as clearly established as human testimony 

 can establish anything that these creatures, especially 

 birds, have a lively sense of what is lawful or allowable 

 in the conduct of the individual, so far as it may affect 

 the character of the flock or herd, and they are quick to 

 resent and punish any act of a single member that may 

 disgrace or injure the community to which it belongs. 



The conduct of monkeys shows us remarkably well 

 that they are endowed with a moral sense and a logical 

 faculty, implying a clear perception of right and wrong, 

 and a consciousness of guilt. The following incident, 

 related by Dr. Schomburgsk, director of the zoological 

 garden at Adelaide, in South Australia, would prove 

 this statement. An old monkey of the genus Macacus 

 sinicus, which was confined in a cage with two younger 

 ones, flew at the keeper one day as he was supplying 

 them with fresh water, and bit him so severely as to en- 



147 



