DR. TH. NEUMANN. 193 



unjustly, reckoned among the animals. To say the 

 least, here, too, we find an uninterrupted gradual 

 development from the lowest state of conscience and the 

 total absence of clear conceptions to the highest intellec- 

 tual and moral properties, so that it is impossible to find 

 any qualitative difference, and perhaps only a very 

 slight quantitative difference in the functions of the 

 mind. 



Thus another stronghold of the opponents of the 

 theory of evolution had been completely destroyed, and 

 not few of them began to doubt if it were possible to 

 maintain their opposition very much longer. One 

 strong argument, however, remained in their favor, and 

 for a long time it seemed as if they should carry the 

 day. Let it be true, said they, that there are no es- 

 sential differences between the anatomical construction 

 of man and apes, let it even be granted that monkeys 

 can reason, that they possess intelligence and that they 

 have a conception of high moral sentiment, one thing 

 stands undisputed and will never be doubted, namely, 

 that man has the power of articulate language, man has 

 the power of speech, while monkeys, and with them the 

 whole wide kingdom of animals, are denied it. The 

 Darwinists freely admitted that this statement could be 

 used as a powerful weapon against their theory, and 

 that the prospects did not seem very bright for ever re- 

 moving this obstacle, although they knew that the 

 throat of monkeys shows by laryngeal adaptation capa- 

 bilities for sound vibration, and even for singing, not to 

 speak of the fact that many animals use certain sounds 

 for expressing certain emotions, as danger signals, as 

 calls from one member of a troop to another, or from 

 the mother to her lost young, or from the latter to their 

 mother. 



It was a profound emotion, therefore, which went 

 through the scientific world when an American pro- 

 log 



