108 RUINED CASTLES IN ASIA MINOR. 
the main points in other places,—the confused plan, ac- 
commodated largely to the shape of the rock,—the pro- 
fusion of towers and heavy walls,—the deep well,—the 
single cannon retained for use during the Ramazan 
fast,—and the otherwise strikingly deserted and lonely 
look of things. But we are well repaid for our climb by 
the wonderfully varied and charming prospect on every 
side. The large city of Tocat nestles down at the foot of 
a high range of the Anti Taurus mountains, and even to 
this high and lonely spot comes up the deafening 
clangor of the copperplate beaters, for this is a great 
centre of the copper industry. Government mines far 
to the south send all the copper here to be remelted and 
cast in regular blocks for conveyance to the capital, and 
here are made all manner of copper vessels for all the 
country around. Across the ravine in front of us are 
the foundries with a small range of Scoriz mountains 
behind them. And over on the skirts of the next hill 
is the Armenian cemetery, where was laid the precious 
dust of Henry Martyn, pioneer missionary and Bible 
translator in India and Persia, who died here while 
traveling toward his native land in 1812. Yonder, to- 
ward the north, stretches a winding valley full of rich 
verdure. A day’s journey in that direction would bring 
you to the town of Niksar, the Turkish corruption of 
Neo-Cesarea, a town not unknown in ancient history, 
and at present a Greek episcopal see. Here too we find 
an ancient castle with interesting inscriptions, and 
noted for possessing several large guns bearing the name 
of Abd-ul-Hamid I., namesake of the present Sultan, 
who reigned just a century ago. 
To the east of this place is Kara Hissar, or the Black 
castle, a large town which takes its name from the very 
striking castle on the summit of a high black basaltic 
rock. And so on we might go through the whole coun- 
try, finding ruins and castles and inscriptions every- 
