316 MR. P. L, SCLATER ON THE [Mar. 3, 
Apprnpix I. 
Rules for the Scientific Naming of Animals, compiled by the German 
Zoological Society. 
A. GENERAL RULES. 
1. Zoological Nomenclature includes extinct as well as recent 
animals, but has no relation to botanical names. 
2. Only such scientific names can be accepted as are published in 
print, in connection with a clear description either by words or 
figures. 
3. Scientific names must be in Latin. 
4. Names of the same origin and only differing from each other 
in the way they are written are to be considered identical. 
5. Alterations in names otherwise valid are only permitted in 
accordance with the requirements of Sections 13 and 22, and further 
for the purpose of purely orthographical correction when the word 
is without doubt wrongly written or incorrectly transcribed. Such 
alterations do not affect the authorship of the name. 
6. Of the various permissible names for the same conception only 
the one first published is valid (Law of Priority). 
7. The application of the Law of Priority begins with the tenth 
edition of Linneus’s ‘ Systema Nature’ (1758). 
8. When by subsequent authors a systematic conception is 
extended or reduced, the original name is nevertheless to be 
regarded as permissible. 
9. The author of a scientific name is he who has first proposed it 
ina permissible form. If theauthor’s name is not known, the title 
of the publication must take its place. 
10. If the name of the author is given it should follow the scien- 
tific name without intervening sign. In all cases in which asecond 
author’s name is used a comma should be placed before it. 
11. Class (classis), Order (ordo), Family (familia), Genus (genus), 
and Species (species) are conceptions descending in rank one after 
the other, and are to be taken in the order here given. These 
terms should not be employed in a contrary or capricious relation 
or order. 
B. RULES FOR DESIGNATING SPECIES. 
12. Every species should be designated by one generic and one 
specific name (Binary Nomenclature). 
13. The specific name, which should be treated always as one 
word, should depend grammatically upon the generic name. 
14. The same specific name can only be used once in the same 
genus. 
15. In the case of a species being subdivided, the original name is 
to be retained for the species which contains the form originally 
described. In doubtful cases the decision of the author who makes 
the separation shall be followed. 
16. When various names are proposed for the same species nearly 
