606 ON THE ANATOMY OF THE KINGFISHERS, [May 19, 
are which have it not. The expansor secundariorum is another 
muscle which is sometimes absent and sometimes present. 
In marked contrast to the muscular anatomy (excepting the leg- 
muscles, of which the formula seems to be always AX—), and to 
.the external characters, is the syrinx. I have examined this organ 
in Alcedo, Dacelo, Cittura, Ceryle, Halcyon, and Sauropatis, and 
find it to be most uniform in structure. In all it is of the typical 
tracheo-bronchial form, without a complete coalescence of the last 
rings of the trachea, except sometimes in front. The intrinsic 
muscles (a single pair) are well developed and fan out considerably 
at their insertion onto the first, or apparently sometimes the first 
and second bronchial semirings. In Dacelo cervina it is quite 
plain that there are two pairs of intrinsic muscles. The most 
anterior of these is the more slender; the wider muscle arises 
from the trachea just where the extrinsic muscles are given off ; it 
covers over the insertion of the first muscle and is pyramidal in 
form, the first muscle being an elongated strip arising in common 
with the extrinsic muscle. 
The Kingfishers being a group which shows so much diversity 
in structure, the following tabular statement may be of use :— 
Exp. 5th < Biventer Oil- 
see Remex. Hensex pat. brey. link. gland. 
Ddeelowrcess «sats. fe _ 2 tendons + ant. slip. _ tufted. 
Tanysiptera ...| + ” » 35 nude. 
SU LCR Oe So Sor 2 tendons; no ant. slip. _ 
Cottura <3....2.. + + 2 tendons + ant. slip. + nude. 
FT ee 0 + 1 tendon. - tufted. 
Pelurgopsis + 2 tendons + ant. slip. 
Todirhamphus..| + sas 3 x 
Alcyone .....+4.- Soe ge 1 tendon. 
COry ll... sowsaeass = - 1 tendon + ant. slip. + tufted. 
Halcyon ........- + + 95 3 ~ tufted. 
Sauropatis ...... - — 2 tendons + ant. slip. —} tufted. 
Sauromarptis .. es x * 
1 + in one of two specimens of S. vagans. 
The above table not only displays the variation in structure of 
the family but shows the impossibility of a subdivision of the 
family, at least without further facts—for it is unnecessary to 
point out specially the lacune in the above table. 
Haleyon is perhaps to be regarded as the simplest form, while 
Dacelo and Sauropatis are at the opposite extreme. The necessary 
separation of Sauropatis and Halcyon is the classificatory fact upon 
which I would lay the greatest stress. It may be that the black- 
billed species will turn out to be Sawropatis, and the red-billed 
the true Halcyon. 
I would also point out the somewhat disappointing fact that no 
particular results seem to be obtainable from a comparison of the 
quintocubital with the aquintocubital genera. 
