1896.] DEER FROM NORTHERN CHINA. 933 
A. Antlers cupped, normally with a bez-tine. 
1. C. elaphus. Europe to Asia Minor and N. Africa. In 
the Barbary form the bez-tine generally wanting. Tail 
long. 
2. C, maral. Caucasus, Carpathians, and Eastern Persia. 
Face longer than in Red Deer, and antlers generally 
simpler ; but probably only a larger form of that 
species. 
3. C. xanthopygus. Typically from Northern China. Not 
fully defined from No. 1; and part of its area perhaps 
belonging to other species. 
B. Antlers normally not cupped. 
a. Antlers with a bez-tine ; muzzle and chin dark, or not pure 
white. 
4. C. cashmirianus. Kashmir. Antlers usually with five, 
but sometimes more tines, of which the bez generally 
exceeds the brow in length; in form regularly curved. 
Caudal disk generally small, and white, but occasion- 
ally wanting. Tail short. Colour brown or brownish- 
ash. 
5. C. yarcandensis. Yarkand. Closely allied to last. 
6. C. affinis. Hast of Sikhim and Darjiling. Differs from 
C. cashmirianus in the beam of the antlers being 
much bent forward above the origin of the trez-tine ; 
bez-tine sometimes larger than the brow, but less 
constantly than in C. cashmirianus. Only five tines 
to antlers, which are very large. Caudal disk well 
developed. 
7. C. eustephanus. Thian-Shan and Altai. Closely allied 
to the Wapiti, from which the antlers appear insepar- 
able, although the legs are shorter. 
8. C. luehdorfit. N. Manchuria. Doubtfully distinct from 
the last. Grey in winter, brown in summer. 
9. C. canadensis. Antlers curving backwards, but slightly 
converging, and much flattened where the tines divide ; 
the fourth tine very large, and the posterior terminal 
tine also large and directed backwards, nearly in 
the plane of the fourth. More than five tines. 
Caudal disk very large, and throat-fringe greatly 
developed ; neck dark-coloured. Tail very short; face 
short. 
10. C. bedfordianus. N. China. Allied to last, but smaller 
and more slenderly built. Summer coat uniformly foxy ; 
winter coat dark brown, with large yellow caudal disk ; 
throat-fringe thin and particoloured in autumn. 
6. Antlers without a bez-tine; muzzle and chin pure white. 
11. C. thoroldi. Tibet. 
