80 A List of Minerals and Organic Remains. 
of Montreal, (one hundred and seventy-four miles,) is white, 
but with ferraginous spots and clouds, hard, fine-grained, 
without poten and contains thick layers of large and 
small nodules of crystalline quartz, disposed in horizontal 
lines. It forms cliffs an hundred feet high in the Lake of 
the Thousand Islands, which rest on the very smal] grain- 
ed gneiss (often a granite,) which abounds so in the 
north and north- east, and passes largely and frequently into 
primitive white quartz rock; thus disclosing a possible 
source of the sandstone and quartz nodules. Where clay 
is the cement ‘an argillaceous sandstone or gray wacke is 
furnished. The former of these I have never seen in contact 
with the inclined rocks. It occurs very distinctly in the 
chasm of Niagara, the lower strata of which, (and partic- 
ularly those on which Queenston stands,) are almost ferru- 
ginous clay. ‘The nearest primitive is on the north shore 
of Lake Simcoe, ninety miles off. From the nature of the 
organic remains, and other contents of the limestones cov- 
ering this sandstone, [ am inclined to believe the latter to 
be the old red; which is often thus intermixed with argil- 
laceous matters. At Dunkirk, on the south side of Lake 
Erie, Mr. Hulbert has bored through these rocks to the 
depth of 682 feet, (117 feet below the surface of the At- 
lantic,) and without meeting with salt. The above obser- 
vations apply to the fine sections in the bed of the Genesee 
river; but I have not sufficiently examined the fossils in 
the limestone of that locality. Its sandstone has large but 
indistinct casts of what | suppose to be encrinites; but 
which may be vegetable; but in either case resembling 
the old red sandstone. It may be added that it is on the 
same level with, and not very far from the sandstone of the 
vicinity of Kingston; but similarity in level, taken by itself, 
is not an unerring test of similarity in age. In one part of 
a district or lake, granite, gneiss, &c. may attain a given el- 
evation, and be there covered with gray wacke only; 
while in another and not very distant place these rocks 
may not rise to within some thousand feet of that height; 
and be buried under all the succeeding strata up to the 
Crag above the London Clay. 
The sandstone of Lake Huron, the Falls of St. Mary and 
Lake Superior is parti-coloured, ferruginous, arenaceous, 
or consisting of very small quartz nodules. It is usually 
