Notice and Review of the Reliquiae Diluvianae. 167 
have migrated periodically, like the musk, ox and rein-deer 
of Melville Island; forin the case of crocodiles and tortoises, 
extensive emigration is almost impossible, and not less so to 
such an unwieldy animal as the hippopotamus, when out 
of water. It is equally difficult to imagine that they could 
have passed their winters in lakes or rivers frozen up with 
ice; and though the elephant and rhinoceros, if clothed 
in wool, may have fed themselves on branches of trees and 
brushwood, during the extreme severities of winter, still I 
see not how even these were to be obtained in the frozen 
regions of Siberia, which at present produce little more 
than moss and lichens, which, during a great part of the 
year, are buried under impenetrable ice and snow; yet it 
is in these regions of extreme cold, on the utmost verge of 
the now habitable world, that the bones of elephants are 
found occasionally crowded in heaps along the shores of 
the icy sea, from Archangel to Behring’s Straits, forming 
whole islands composed of bones and mud, at the mouth 
of the Lena, and encased in icebergs, from which they 
are melted out by the solar heat of their short summer, 
along the coast of Tungusia, in sufficient numbers to form 
an important article of commerce.”—pp. 44, 45, 46. 
The chronological inferences deducible from the phe- 
nomena of the Kirkdale cavern, are briefly these : Ist. 
there was a period, apparently of no great length, during 
which this cavern existed in its present state, but was not 
inhabited by hyenas. During this period the stalagmite 
that covers a part of the floor beneath the mud, was de- 
posited, which contains no bones. The second period 
was that in which the cave was inhabited by hyenas, and 
the stalactite and stalagmite were still forming. Accord- 
ingly, the bones are found imbedded in the stalagmite of 
this period, forming an osseous breccia. It might be ex- 
pected, that the ingress and egress of these animals, in so 
low a cave, would strike off from the roof portions of the 
stalactites; and Mr. Buckland found among the breccia, 
stalactitic tubes, evidently thus broken from the roof. 
While this stalagmite containing the bones was forming, no 
mud was introduced; since it is entirely wanting in the 
breccia. The third period is that in which the mud was 
introduced, and the animals extirpated; viz. the period of 
the deluge. It must all have been deposited by a single 
