24 GXJIDEBOOK OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES. 



Mount Coffiji, on the right, a few miles 



ground 



coffins exposed on it. On this 



mountain Commander Wilkes, 

 tions to determine its position. 



Ahead 



Columbia, may be seen some even-crested hills 



1,000 feet in height. These continue on the southern horizon from 

 this point to Portland Heights. Shnilar flat-topped hills stand 

 also on the north side of the Columbia. If an observer so situated 

 as to be able to overlook the whole valley of the Columbia in tliis 



ima 



these hills to be filled to the general level of the fiat hilltops he would 

 then see spread out before him a very broad, shallow, flat-bottomed 

 valley and would realize that the present hills are all that is left of 

 such a valley after its floor has been deeply furrowed and carved 

 by streams. The hilltops are flat because they are parts of what was 

 once such a continuous vaUey surface. This old broad valley was 

 worn in basalt by Columbia River in early Pleistocene or glacial 

 time, when the land stood 1,000 feet lower than now. When the 



streams 



fashioned it int 



fil'St 



CarroUs. which form the banks of the Columbia for hun- 



Eievation2ifeet. dreds of Hiiles and attain imposing heights alono* 



^' the stretch of river between Portland and The Dalles. 



The Northern Pacific once ferried across Columbia 



Kalama. River from Kalama to Gobel,Oreg., and the old boat, 



Elevation 21 feet whicli could Carry 24 cars and an engine, can still be 



Population 816. ^^^^ ^^ .^^ wharf. The railway now continues up the 



east side of the river to Vancouver. vSeines set for 

 (PL VI, B) may usually be seen near Kalama. 



miles 



in 



The dark bluft^s on the left, which the railroad 



with 



mainlv beds ma 



-~ ^ ^^ - — ^ ^ 



rock associated with some sandstone and shale. At milepo 

 deposit of sand and gravel overhes lava and shales. 



As W 



Lewis Valley. Mount Adams 



Woodland 



Elevation 53 feet. 



approached a fine view opens on the left, up 



white 



^ ^ Helens. Finally Mount Hood comes into vievv to 



Population 384. the right of Mouut Adams. Near milenost 115, 



Seattle 155 miles 



om, are some \nra 



the forerunners of those to be seen later in Oregon and California. 



