30 



GUIDEBOOK OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES, 



geologists. As such a surface is not producod until the region is 



down 



formed. Remnants 



been 



tributaries 



Columbia to Cape Horn and up the Willamette to a point beyond 

 Oregon City. 



Portland, 186 miles south of Seattle and 771 miles north of 

 San Francisco, is often referred to as the Rose City on account of 



the beauty and profusion of the queen of flowers 



Portland, Oreg. 



Elevation 5G feet. 



Population 207,214. 

 Seattle 186 miles. 



in its gardens and even along its streets. 



An ann 



rose festival is held hero during the first week of June. 

 On the terraces and slopes in the western part of the 

 city, which have a range of altitude of more than 



^^ a ^ ^m ^ 



from which may b 

 cities in the world 



many beautiful homes, each with its garden, 



-such as the view across the Willamette to the 

 snow-cro\TOed peaks of Mounts St, Helens, Adams, and Hood 



XI 



ttlemcnt was founded in 1845 by two men from 



was 



and was named after Portland, Maine. 



1851. Its situation at the head of deep-water navigation on the 



Columbia and Willamette and at the gateway for railroads to the 



East through the gorge of the Columbia gives it great advantao-p. s\<^ a 



commercial center. 



foreign ports. It ex] 



many domes t 



ma 



lumber 



to the value of over 



$15,000,000, and its manufactured products, including woolen goods 



many 



amount to $35,000,000 ann 



tensive la^-a flow. Still auotlier sub- 

 sidence caused the rivers to deposit tlie 

 gravela and sands of the terrace on which 

 Portland and East Portland are built. 



^ This penej:»lain is related to a similar 

 one in central Washington and to an 

 elevated beach along the coast of Oregon 

 which records the ocean level at that 

 time. It was in the later st^agea of tliis 

 period of erosion that the basalt became 

 80 deeply weathered. 



The general U]>lift of the region that 

 followed the formation of tliis peneplain 

 caused the rivers to cut deep, wide val- 

 leys across it and expose the lava and [ of the AVillamette also. 



These sands and gravels were themselves 

 cut into and trenched in consequence of 

 a later moderate upUft of the land. 



a relatively 

 the lower 



underl} 



such as those near Portland. Subsidence 

 followed and the valleys were partly 

 filled with gravel. A succeeding uplift 

 enabled the rivers to cany away much of 

 this old gravel in the Columbia Valley, 

 but a remnant of it may be seen on Mount 

 Tabor, a basalt knob in East Portland. 

 The knob is itself a remnant of an ex- 



Finally, as has been seen, 



slight depression drowned 



reaches of the Columbia and, of course 



It thus appears 

 tnat the land in thia region has had 

 many ups and downs in late geologic 

 time. The movements here noted, 

 however, are only the more conspicuous 

 ones. Many minor oscillations ha\-e left 

 less noticeable traces in the landscape. 

 All these niovemeats were probably so 



passe 



that 



