SHASTA ROUTE SEATTLE TO SAN FRANCISCO. ' 31 



Among the more notable buildings are the Public Library, the 

 Wells Fargo Co/s buildmg, the Chamber of Commerce, the Com- 

 mercial Club, the Oregonian BuHding, and the Art Museum. Of the 



church buildings, the Presb3^terian, Congregational, Baptist (Wliite 

 Temple), and Episcopal (Cathedral) should be mentioned. The City 

 Hall contains the Oregon Historical Society's museum and the 

 Hawkins Museum of Natural History. 



Wniamctte River, which separates East Portland from Portland, 

 is spanned by five bridges. 



Electric cars afford easy access to the hiUtop known as Council 

 Crest, from which superb views may be had of the rt^Uing lava plateau 



in which the Wdlamette has cut its valley, a country 

 Excursions from ^£ ^.'^-j^ farms and orchards. To the east may be seen 



Portland. i i f 



the Cascade Range, surmounted by vhe lofty peaks 

 of IMounts Rainier, St. Helens, Adams, Hood, and Jefferson. 



Cloud Cap Inn may be reached in a day by the Oregon- Washhigton 

 Raihoad & Navigation Co.'s tram up the south bank of the Columbia 

 to Hood River station, thence by auto stage through the famous 

 orchard country of the Hood River valley and up the northern slopes 

 of Mount Hood to an altitude of nearly 6,000 feet. From this place 

 the glaciers are in full view and may be easily reached. The cliffs 

 along the south side of the Columbia (Pis. VII-IX), seen on this trip, 

 are remarkable for their sheerness and for the numerous waterfalls 

 that plunge over them to the river, but the cliffs upon the nortli side 

 of the river are in general less imposing and lack falls. Fish wheels, 

 log rafts for ocean transportation (PI. X, B, p. 28),. and the Cascade 

 Locks are additional attractions of a trip that is weU worth taking. 



Astoria, near the mouth of the Columbia, may be reached hj 

 steamer or railway. Tlie river is 5 miles wide here. At its mouth 

 are the great Government jetty; Forts Stevens and Scarboro Head, 

 which guard the entrance; lighthouses; and a life-saving station. 

 Some typical sand dunes may be seen near Astoria, and the type 

 locality for the rocks and fossils of the Astoria shale (OUgoccne) is 

 in this vicmity. Here, many years ago, Prof. J. D. Dana, then on 

 the Wilkes expedition, observed some sandstone dikes, formed by 

 sand that filled wide cracks m the rocks and later itseff hardened 

 into rock. As a rule dikes are composed of igneous rock which has 

 been forced into such cracks in a molten condition. Dikes of sand- 



comparatively 



Astoria in 1811 as 



for the fur trade. It was seized by the British in 1813 but was 

 restored in 1818. In 1821, while occupied by the Northwest Fur Co., 

 it was burned and practically abandoned, the Hudson's Bay Co. 



m 



