58 GUIDEBOOK OF THE WESTERX UNITED STATES, 



distance beyond milepost 442^ where sonic of the underlying older 

 (Paleozoic) rocks appear. The Cretaceous rocks continue beyond the 

 jBrst great curve in the railroad line to a pomt near milepost 416, 

 where an intrusive mass of granodiorite appears and continues to 

 Siskiyou, the summit station. Beyond the second great curve, at 

 milepost 415, there are good views of the valley left behind and of the 

 Cascade Range. 



At Siskiyou station the Pacific Highway, which crosses the summit 

 farther east, near Pilot Knob, is near by on the left. Here on Sep- 

 tember 29, 1841, the Wilkes exploring party crossed 

 Siskiyou. ^Yie mountain, which was then the boundary between 



Elevation 4,n3 feet, ^^^ United Statcs and Mexico. Pilot Knob was 



Seattle 544 miles. , .^ -t-» i i -tttt- n <« -i i^^* - 



named Emmons Peak by Wilkes, after the officer in 

 charge of the. party. At Siskiyou the railroad enters a tunnel 3,108 

 feet long, which passes about 500 feet below the summit. The rock 

 near by is quartz diorite, and this is succeeded by a darker igneous 

 rock (andesite) through which the tunnel has been driven and which, 

 as will be seen farther south, is erupted through sediments of Creta- 

 ceous age. Soon after emerging from the tunnel into the drainage 

 basin of Klamath River the traveler obtains his first view of Mount 

 Shasta, one of the finest and most imposing of the snow-capped 

 peaks of the Pacific coast. At milepost 410 Pilot Knob appears on 

 the left (east). 



At Colestin, about a mile beyond the end of the tunnel, a modest 

 hostelry has been built near a good spring of effervescent chalybeate 

 « , ,. ^ Avater. With its mountain surroundings, a delightful 



summer climate, and good huntmg, this place is likelv 



Elevation 3,075 feet. ± u r I J • x x x . • -. 



Seattle 546 miles. ^ ^^ ^^^^ frequented as its attractions become 



Ivnown. 



In the descent from Colestin to Hilt (Cole) and thence to Horn- 

 brook the train passes almost continuous exposures of Cretaceous 

 sedimentary beds -cut at many places by intruded igneous rocks. 

 Some at least of these igneous rocks are tilted and faulted as much 

 as the sedimentary rocks and consequently may be older than most 

 of the lavas of the Cascade Range, which, as a rule, he in nearlv hori- 



zontal attitudes. 



Before reaching Cole station, at 4 

 railroad crosses the line between Or 



Cahfornia, known as the Golden State, is next to the largest State 

 in the Union. It is 780 miles in length and about 250 miles in average 



width and has a total area of 156,092 square miles, 

 California. being nearly equal in size to New England, Xew York, 



and Pennsylvania combined. The population of Cah- 

 fornia in 1910 was 2,377,549, or about one-tenth that of the Eastern 

 States named- The area covered by pubhc-land sm-veys is 123,910 



