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GUIDEBOOK OF THE AVESTERX UNITED STATES. 



miles), and San Pedro (south, 22 miles). San Pedro is the chief har- 

 bor of Los Angeles and is being greatly improved by the Federal Gov- 

 ernment. San Pedro Mountain, northwest of the to\vn, has a core of 

 older igneous rocks encircled by Tertiary beds. The slope of the hill 

 is scored by a series of horizontal terraces suggestive of great steps. 

 These were cut by the ocean waves wheii the land stood at lower 

 levels. Deadman Island, near San Pedro, is on© of the best localities 

 on the Pacific coast to collect Pliocene and Pleistocene fossils. 



From San Pedro steamers ply to Santa Catalina,^ a mountainous 

 island composed chiefly of Franciscan (Jurassic?) rocks. The sea 

 fishing here is famous, and tlirough the crystal-clear water the sea 

 bottom and the plants and animals that inhabit it may be seen from 



slass-bottomed boats. 



About 9 miles east of Los Angeles is San Gabriel Mission, founded in 

 1771, and near by is tlie interesting church erected in 1804 of material 

 brought from Spain, Pasadena is easily reached by train or electric 

 car. Trips likely to prove more interesting to lovers of nature or 

 science are those to Mount Lo\ye and Mount Wilson. These summits 

 belong to the San Gabriel Mountains, which present an abrupt face 

 on the north side of the San Gabriel Valley, They are composed of 

 granitic and other crystalline rocks which contam gold and other 

 precious metals. 



Mount Lowe (5,650 feet above sea level) is reached by the Pacific 

 Electric Railroad from Los Angeles to Echo Canyon. From the 

 canyon a cable railway runs over a 1,000-foot ascent to the summit of 

 Echo Mountain (4,015 feet), where connection is made with a moun- 

 tain railway for Alpine Tavern (5,000 feet). A trail leads from the 

 tavern to the summit, from which a fine view may bo obtained. The 

 mountain mass is composed chiefly of granitic rocks, which by their 

 disintegration have furnished much sedimentary material for the 

 Tertiary deposits of the foothills and adjacent lowlands. 



Mount Wilson (5,750 feet) may be ascended afoot or on burros 

 from Sierra Madre (mah'dray), a station on the electric tramway. 



The lighter grades of oil are believed 



* The topography of Sunta Catalina 



to come from the Monterey group; the lalaud presents a striking coutra^t to that 



hea\der grades are derived largely from 

 the coarser sediments of the Fernando, 



On December 31, 1912, there were 470 

 producing wells in the Puente Hills dis- 

 trict, and the output for the year was 

 nearly 7,000,000 barrels. The total pro- 

 duction of the field from 1889 to 19lJ, 

 inclusive, waa nearly 41,000,000 barrels. 

 The oil produced varies In composition, 

 the greater part being of light grade and 

 utilized by refineries near Los Angeles. 



of the neighboring mainland and to that 

 of San Clemente Island, which lies farther 

 out in the ocean. The mainland and San 

 Clemente Island show old beach lines 

 and sea terraces standing high above the 

 present shore and have therefore risen, 

 but Santa Catalina Island shows no such 

 markings; on the contrary, as Prof. A. C. 

 Lawson has pointed out, this island pre- 

 sents unmistakable evidence of having 

 1 subsided. 



