e 
30 GUIDEBOOK OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES. 
in the massiveness of their ruins some of their former grandeur. 
To the geologist these buttes and plateaus are also the ruins of a 
former age, but instead of being carved by man and representing 
cities that have passed away they were carved by water and wind 
from an older and higher land surface that carried its own par- 
ticular types of plants and animals and that had a climate which may 
have been very different from the climate of to-day. Compared with 
these remnants of this old land surface the most ancient ruined 
cities are as the works of yesterday. 
Larkspur Butte on the east and Raspberry Butte on the west are 
small remnants of this old surface. 
Beyond them the upland has 
been cut away, leaving a rather broad valley in which stands the 
The age bora of timber in the 
forest is estimated to be 1,100,000,000 
eet b. m., = which 620,000,600 feet 
. m. is considered to be in ae 
jsut «Mate ft Bangs | 
pues list gives the species 
in as order of their ane in the 
d 
Of these, 
railroad ties and lumber for other pur- 
poses, and yellow pine secon 
When an application for a timber 
sale is receiv y the Forest Service 
it is first necessary to determine 
whether the timber applied for should 
stand by the removal of t 
and defective trees, which are grow- 
ing very slowly, and to thin crowded 
with plenty of growing space and per- 
mitting young trees to come in wher- 
ever there is not already a sufficient 
nd 
each green tree to 
nated by blazing and Sra it with 
a U323." sta This marking is 
-necessary in order that the trees which 
are to form the basis of the future 
stand will not er destroyed, (See Pl. 
ATIT, =A.) Aft the marked trees 
are cut and seidane or ha clas to a 
central point, the material is scaled 
a forest e 
the brush so that it will lie close to 
the ground, where it will absorb mois- 
ture and decay rapidly. The proper 
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