42 GUIDEBOOK OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES. 
through Engelmann Canyon, which is nearly filled with large granite 
boulders, is very picturesque. The small stream tumbles over the 
great blocks of rock in continuous cascades, and overhead and around 
is the deep green of the native forest. Near the upper end of the 
canyon is the intake of the main that supplies Colorado Springs and 
Manitou with pure, cold mountain water. The water supply of 
these towns is derived not only from this particular valley but is 
gathered by a system of tunnels and canals from a number of rocky 
basins whose natural outlet is to the west. 
After passing through the rough part of Engelmann Canyon the 
road emerges onto a comparatively level terrace of the mountain 
side at an elevation of about 9,000 feet. On this terrace the ancient 
glaciers that came down from the high peak above dumped great 
quantities of loose fragments of rock in ridges that are called mo- 
raines. The ice has disappeared, but the moraines still testify to the 
existence and the extent of the ice. The most conspicuous moraine 
to be seen from the Cogwheel Road is that which encircles and 
holds in place Lake Moraine, on the left. The moraine had formerly 
been breached by a stream, but it has been artificially restored to its 
original condition, and it now holds a lake of considerable size. 
The surface of the mountain above timber line consists of granite, 
which is bare except where it is covered by snow. After circling 
around a long spur that projects to the south the train arrives at 
the summit. On the east are Colorado Springs and Manitou, which 
look like small villages or gardens spread at the foot of the moun- 
tain, and still farther east are the plains, which stretch like a carpet 
as far as the eye can see. On the west and southwest the mountains 
roll like the billows of the sea far into the hazy distance. The 
Sangre de Cristo and the great Sawatch ranges tower like giant 
rollers high above the others, as if the sea had been consolidated at 
the very moment of its greatest agitation. On the north is the 
Rampart or Front Range, but in this direction, instead of rugged 
mountains, one sees only a gently undulating plateau, which from 
this great height looks much like the plains on the east except that 
it is dark with a growth of evergreen trees. 
To the traveler who is unfamiliar with high altitudes one of the 
most striking features here is the effect of weathering on the rocks. 
The summit and the slope on the southwest side for some distance 
down are covered with blocks of granite that have been broken from 
the massive rock that forms the top of the mountain. The rocks 
on the summits of all high peaks are broken and thrown down in 
the same way, evidently through the rigors of the climate in such 
high and exposed places. The warm rays of the sun during the 
