(99) 
larger percentage. The tannin cures and toughens the 
skin, but other effects are required to produce the best 
quality of leather, especially that of “filling” the minute 
cavities. For this purpose, white-oak bark seems to be 
preeminent and this continues to be the most valued tanamg 
substance. It has become scarce and costly, and “oak 
leather” now brings the highest prices. The tannins are 
represented by saw-palmetto, mangrove, pine, hemlock, 
sumac and by other products. The crude materials of the 
mangrove and the saw-palmetto are accompanied by their 
fluid extracts, which contain the tannic acid, and also by 
the spent material or refuse which remains after the extract 
has been made. This latter material may be used for other 
purposes. 
Flavoring Agents, Spices, and Condiments. Cases 48-51. 
—The term ‘“‘flavoring agent” is applied to any substance 
used to impart an added agreeable flavor to anything in- 
tended to be taken into the stomach through the mouth, 
or to remove or cover a disagreeable flavor in such a sub- 
stance, as for instance a disagreeable medicine. The term 
“spice” is applied to a flavoring agent which possesses an 
aromatic and more or less pungent quality, such as anise, 
caraway, or cinnamon. By the term “condiment” is 
usually understood one of the more powerful agents of 
the preceding group, such as pepper, capsicum, mustard, 
or horseradish. Condiments do something more than to 
impart a flavor to the food. They act strongly on the 
nerve of taste, stimulating it to a keener sense of the 
natural flavor of the food. They also tend to affect the 
appetite and, when properly used, often to increase the 
digestive activity. All of these groups are liberally repre- 
sented in these cases. 
Waxes. Case 52.—Waxes are plant exudations, related 
chemically to the oils. Although they are produced by 
many plants, this product is usually so small that their 
collection is not practicable. In this way, they exist 
upon the surface of such fruits as grapes, plums, and some 
