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wood and sandalwood; bark is the source of the oils of 
birch, cinnamon, and sassafras; leaves yield the oils of 
hemlock, spruce, pine, cedar, eucalyptus, and wintergreen; 
flowers yield the oils of cloves, lilac-flower, and orange 
flowers; fruits yield the oils of pepper, lemon, caraway, and 
fennel; seeds furnish the oils of mustard, wormseed, nut- 
meg, and almonds; while resins give us the oils of elemi, 
mastic, myrrh, and frankincense. 
Perfumery. The volatile oils described above are the 
principal substances used in the manufacture of perfumery. 
Very often the perfumes are made by merely dissolving one 
or more such oils in water, alcohol, or other substance capa- 
ble of absorbing them. The oil-saturated water, produced 
in the distillation process described above, is itself used as a 
perfume. In other cases, layers of fresh fragrant flowers, as 
roses or violets, are pressed tightly between layers of lard or 
other fatty material, which absorbs the oil directly from 
the flowers and constitutes pomades. In some cases, oils 
having very offensive odors may have such odors completely 
changed into agreeable ones by combination with some other 
substance. 
Fumitories and Masticatories. Cases 61-64.—The term 
“fumitory”’ is applied to any substance used for producing 
a smoke that is to serve some useful or desirable purpose. 
That now almost exclusively employed for smoking by 
human beings is tobacco, although various other substances 
are often added to the latter. A “masticatory” is a 
substance used for chewing. Tobacco is very largely 
employed as a masticatory also, but has in recent years 
been largely replaced by chewing gums of varying com- 
position. In the chewing of these articles the chief or 
only object sought is that of exercising the jaws, but there 
are masticatories in use by the people of other countries 
which produce far more important effects. This is notably 
true of the coca-leaf, chewed by the natives of the South 
American Andes and producing very powerful and im- 
portant physiological effects. Most of the important 
masticatories in use are shown in our collections. 
