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wort are underground stems or rootstocks; sandalwood 
and quassia-chips are woods; sassafras-medulla is pith; 
birch, slippery-elm, sassafras, cinnamon, wild-cherry, horse- 
chestnut, cascara, linden, and cinchona are barks; laurel, 
hardhack, cherry-laurel, peach, senna, coca, and eucalyptus 
are leaves; red-clover flowers, orange-flowers, linden- 
flowers, heart’s-ease, borage-flowers, safflower, marigold- 
flowers, Roman-chamomile, German-chamomile, and mil- 
foil-flowers are flowers and flower-heads; saw-palmetto, 
cardamon, cubebs, hops, star-anise, poppy, rose-hips, 
tamarind, Tonka-bean, and colocynth are fruits; colchi- 
cum-seed, grain-of-paradise, betel-nut, mustard, delphin- 
ium-seed, almonds, calabar-bean, Barbadoes-nut, castor-oil 
seed, and henbane-seed are seeds. Refined drugs are well 
represented, among others, by gum-arabic, a gum collected 
from shrubs and trees of the genus Acacia; the most 
common source is Acacia Senegal, a large shrub or small 
tree growing throughout north-central and northwestern 
Africa. Its gum is somewhat inferior to the old-fashioned 
gum arabic obtained from species of northeastern Africa. 
The gum, which is chiefly a compound of arabic acid and 
calcium, exudes through orifices in the bark, resulting from 
the punctures of insects and in other ways. In some in- 
stances the collectors puncture the bark for the purpose 
of causing the exudation. When hard and dry it is col- 
lected and sent to the packing houses. Here it is assorted 
into grades, according to color and purity, which are sold 
by number. No. 1 gum arabic is nearly colorless. From 
gum arabic most of the better grades of mucilage are made. 
It is largely adulterated, especially with dextrin; such 
mucilage quickly turns dark. Another well-known re- 
fined drug is camphor. This important substance is col- 
lected in China and Japan, but mostly in the Island of 
Formosa, the Japanese government now having control 
of almost the entire industry. It is distilled from the 
chipped wood of the roots and lower part of the trunk of 
large trees, by natives who encamp in the forest during 
