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under it the subtribe Vernonieae was separated by its homogamous 
discoid heads from the subtribe Pectideae with radiate heads. 
Under the former he distinguished the divisions or subdivisions 
Ethulieae and Heterocomeae, corresponding closely to Hoffmann’s 
Vernonieae-Vernoninae, Albertinieae, including Lychnofhora and 
the related genera, Elephantopeae, Rolandreae, and Bojerieae. 
Of the latter but one genus is at present retained in the tribe. De 
Candolle’s treatment was the first and only monograph of the 
group as a whole. 
Passing over a number of articles on single genera or groups of 
genera, the next extended classification is that of Bentham and 
Hooker.* They recognized two subtribes, Euvernonieae, with 
separate heads, and Lychnophoreae, with few-flowered heads ag- 
gregated in head-like glomerules. That this division is natural 
is shown by their geographical distribution, the latter subtribe 
being entirely American, with the exception of one species of //e- 
phantopus. Further division of the Euvernonieae separates the 
series Sparganophoreae with 3 genera, having the achene sur- 
mounted by a cartilaginous ring; series Ethulieae, with 11 genera, 
in which the pappus is caducous or none; series Euvernonieae, 
with 6 genera, having a pappus of persistent bristles; and series 
Stilpnopappeae, comprising 9 genera with scaly pappus. The 
distinction between the last two series is in many cases an arbitrary 
one, and it seems doubtful if group characters can be drawn with 
certainty from the structure of the pappus. It seems evident 
that Oliganthes, for example, with scaly pappus, is much more 
closely related to Hremoszs and through it to Vernonda, both 
with capillary pappus, than to SYokes¢a, with scaly pappus. In 
certain species of Vernonia, especially V. expansa, the bristles of 
the inner series are flattened, and in the same genus the outer series 
is sometimes capillary, sometimes scaly. However, nothing better 
than the classification used by Bentham and Hooker has yet been 
suggested, and their system is followed in detail by Hoffmann.* 
The only difference is in the status of Lachnorhiza, regarded in the 
first work as a genus, in the second reduced to a section of Vernonta. 
Seven additional genera, described since the publication of the 
Genera Plantarum, are included by Hoffmann. 
* Genera Plantarum 2: 165-238. 1873. 
