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ent carpels. In the younger stages, which show the first 
laying down of the carpels, particularly in the Umbelliferae 
and the Compositae, the carpels cover the whole of the inside 
of the depression, and sometimes the gynoecium takes up the 
whole of the vegetative point. In his words then it may be 
summed up: ‘‘ die Placentation im iiberstandigen und unter- 
standigen Fruchtknoten eine ganz obereinstimmende, eine 
Thatsache, die auf eine tibereinstimmende Betheiligung der 
Fruchtblatter in beiden Fallen hinweist.” 
B. Schaefer” (1890) traced the development of the ovary 
in numerous plants, among which were the Campanulaceae. 
The particular representative taken from that family was 
Phyteuma nigrum, in which he finds that the carpellary 
«« Anlagen” are laid down while the terminal concavity is yet 
quite shallow and appear as two opposite elevations on a 
slightly elevated ring extending to the base of the cavity. 
Transverse divisions of the first two or three periblem layers 
of cells at the sides of the base of the concavity elevate the 
overlying tissues and so deepen the depression. He says 
that the tissue which forms the covering of the ovarian cavity 
appears as an outgrowth of the parietal placental folds. In 
conclusion he says that the placentation in inferior ovaries, 
which he investigated in the Compositae, Onagraceae and 
Campanulaceae, is wholly in accord with that found in superior 
ovaries. He carefully points out the course of develop- 
ment in the different forms and maintains that the carpels 
form a lining of the ovarian cavity, their backs being fused 
with axial tissue. After quoting from Goebel’s work, above 
cited, he says: ‘* So befand sich die Entwickelungsgeschichte 
in schroffem Gegensatz zur Morphologie, welche auf Grund 
theils von vergleichenden untersuchungen, theils von Miss- 
bildungen zu der Annahme gekommen war, dass die Frucht- 
blatter sich auch an der Bildung des Unterstandigen Frucht- 
knotens betheiligen, indem sie, mit ihren Riickentheilen an die 
Axe gebunden, die Innenseite der Héhlung auskleiden.” 
The facts observed in connection with the development of 
the ovary in the Cucurbitaceae, apparently support the conten- 
