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tance fee or without charge. The four main elements of the 
modern botanical garden have thus been brought into it suc 
cessively. 
1. The utilitarian or economic. 
2. The esthetic. 
3. The scientific or biologic. 
4. The philanthropic. 
These four elements have been given different degrees of 
prominence, depending mainly upon local conditions, some 
gardens being essentially esthetic, some mainly scientific, 
while in our public parks we find the philanthropic function 
as the underlying feature, usually accompanied by more or 
less of the zsthetic and scientific. 
The Economic Element. In the broadest extension of this 
department of a botanical garden there might be included, to 
advantage, facilities for the display and investigation of all 
plants directly or indirectly useful to man, and their products. 
This conception would include forestry, pharmacognosy, ag- 
riculture, pomology, pathology and organic chemistry, and, 
in case the management regards bacteria as plants, bacteri- 
ology. 
The display of the plants may be effected by growing such 
of them as will exist without protection in the locality ina plot, 
more or less individualized, commonly known as the Economic 
Garden, while those too tender for cultivation in the open are 
grown in the greenhouses, either in a separate house or sec- 
tion, or scattered through the several houses or sections, in 
the temperatures best adapted to their growth. The display 
of plant products, best accompanied by mounted specimens 
of the species yielding them, by photographs and by plates, 
is accomplished by the Economic Museum, where these are 
arranged in glass or glass-fronted cases, suitably classified 
and labelled. It is believed that the most useful results are 
obtained by arranging this museum by the products themselves, 
and thus not in biologic sequence, but by bringing together 
all drugs, all fibres, all woods, all resins; where the same 
product is used in more than one industry the exhibit may be 
duplicated, more or less modified, without disadvantage. 
