SEPTEMnER 24, 1909] 



SCIENCE 



399 



selves to our emotions or conscience, are 

 determined by the existence of tracts in 

 the higher parts of his brain, access to 

 which has been opened by the ruthless 

 method of natural selection and which 

 have been deepened and broadened under 

 the influence of the pleasurable and pain- 

 ful impressions which are included in the 

 process of education. All the higher de- 

 velopment of man is bound up with his ex- 

 istence as a member of a community, and 

 in trying to find out the factors which will 

 determine the survival of any tj^^e of man, 

 we must give our attention, not to the man, 

 but to the tribe or community of which he 

 is a member, and must try to find out what 

 kind of behavior of the tribe will lead to 

 its predominance in the struggle for exist- 

 ence. 



Political Evolution.— The comparison of 

 the body politic with the human body is as 

 old as political economy itself, and there is 

 indeed no reason for assuming that the 

 principles which determine the success of 

 the animals formed by the aggregation of 

 unicellular organisms should not apply to 

 the greater aggregations or communities 

 of the multicellular organisms themselves. 

 It must be remembered, however, that the 

 principles to which I have drawn your at- 

 tention are not those that determine sur- 

 vival, but those which determine rise of 

 type, what I have called success. Evolu- 

 tion may be regressive as well as progres- 

 sive. Degeneration, as Lankester has 

 shown, may play as great a part as evolu- 

 tion of higher forms in determining sur- 

 vival. The world still contains myriads of 

 unicellular organisms as well as animals 

 and plants of all degrees and complexity 

 and of rank in the scale of life. All these 

 forms are subordinate to man, and when 

 in contact with him are made to serve his 

 purposes. In the same way all mankind 

 ■will not rise in tj'pe. Many races will die 



out, especially those who just fall short of 

 the highest type, while others by degrada- 

 tion or differentiation may continue to 

 exist as parasites or servants of the higher 

 type. 



Mere association into a community is not 

 sufficient to ensure success; there must 

 also be differentiation of function among 

 the parts, and an entire subordination of 

 the activity of each part to the welfare of 

 the whole. It is this lesson which we Eng- 

 lish-speaking races have at the present time 

 most need to learn. In the behavior of 

 man almost every act is represented in 

 consciousness as some emotion, experience 

 or desire. The state of subordination of 

 the activities of all units to the common 

 weal of the community has its counterpart 

 in consciousness as the "spirit of service." 

 The enormous value of such a condition of 

 solidarity among the individuals consti- 

 tuting a nation, inspired, as we should say, 

 by this spirit of service, has been shown to 

 us lately by Japan. In our own case the 

 subordination of individual to state inter- 

 ests, such as is necessary for the aggrega- 

 tion of smaller primitive into larger and 

 more complex communities, has always pre- 

 sented considerable difficulty and been ac- 

 complished only after severe struggle. 

 Thus the work begun by Alexander Ham- 

 ilton and Washington, the creation of the 

 United States, is still, even after the unify- 

 ing process of a civil war, incomplete and 

 marred by contending state and individual 

 interests. The same .sort of difficulties are 

 being experienced in the integration of the 

 units, nominally under British control, 

 into one great nation, in which all parts 

 shall work for the good of the whole and 

 for mutual protection in the struggle for 

 survival. 



The Lesson of Evolution.— Just as pain 

 is the great educator of the individual and 

 is responsible for the laying down of the 



