BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN ENT. SOC. II. 1879. (59 



have no sympathy or mercy for their brethren a little more 

 advanced in life than they. 



And again, very many larvae, notwithstanding - onr care, go 

 into the pupal state in a weakened condition, and are not able to 

 throw off the larval skin properly, or have not strength to emerge 

 as imagines; and these dying-, foul the earth, and sow the seeds 

 of disease. 



And still again, it is next to impossible to keep the earth in 

 which pupae are, in a proper condition of moisture. It is often too 

 dry, and oftener too wet during- the long months of Autumn and 

 Spring ; and both these excesses cause large mortality.-the one 

 by drying too much the casing and tissues of the pupa,-the 

 other by causing fungoid diseases and putridity. 



We think it better on the average, especially in the case of 

 hybernating pupae, to make special efforts for their safety which 

 involve a change of location, and consequently the necessity of 

 handling them. 



The pupal cage should have quite a height above the earth or 

 moss at the bottom. Its sides and cover, should be .lined with 

 cloth or gauze, thus affording an easy foothold to the newly 

 emerged insect. Jt should have good ventilation, and be well 

 lighted ; and should be protected against mice, rats, ants, roaches, 

 and all vermin. 



In the summer time it should be in the open air, not exposed to 

 the rays of the sun, and„should be protected from rain. In the 

 winter it can be kept in an open garret, or any dry open room 

 which has no fire in it. Pupae should never be kept in a room 

 with a fire in it, as if not dried up, the imago when it appears 

 will g-enerally not expand its wings properly. 



If pupae are chang-ed from the place in which they become 

 pupae, they should never be put again in loose earth. Naturally? 

 they form a cocoon of the earth about them, and lie free within this. 



The loose earth coming in contact with them is very apt to 

 injure by cutting' the skin between the segments, and invites 

 mould and decay. This is of course where the pupae are entirely 

 covered with the earth. An excellent way however is to have 

 the earth with a ridg-e elevated about one half to three-fourths of 

 an inch about the edge of the box, above the level of the space 

 within ; this space within is to be made smooth and somewhat 



