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SCIENCE 



[Vol. LVI, No. 1440 



more serious, they are dangers. The difficulties 

 are only those of finding means and men. Diffi- 

 culties of that kind can be overcome in time if 

 they are attacked energetically and persistently. 

 Whether the means or the men wiU be the 

 easier to secure I cannot say; but as to the 

 men I believe that relatively few will be found 

 ready made ; they will have to be engaged in an 

 immature stage and developed to maturity here 

 and elsewhere. Of course some full5' competent 

 geographers will be brought here, ready at once 

 to undertake research. But it is more probable 

 that the staff will be built up gradually by the 

 engagement and promotion of young men. A 

 practical method to that end is to select a young 

 man of promise and give him opportunity for 

 growth by study and travel, during which he 

 may specialize in one subject or another; then 

 on his return he may be given an appointment 

 for a term of years, and at the end of that 

 term he may be given permanent appointment 

 if his work has been such as to justify it. 

 Gradual growth in some such way will I be- 

 lieve lead to better results than can be gained 

 by the wholesale appointment of a full staff, 

 even if that were possible from the financial 

 side of the problem. In the mean time, in- 

 struction by visiting lecturers and by professors 

 invited for a year from Europe will add to the 

 attractiveness chiefly in the undergraduate de- 

 partment, of whatever regular instruction can 

 be offered there; but neither visiting lecturers 

 nor temporary professors from abroad can give 

 the solidity and continuity of work that should 

 characterize a properly constituted and truly 

 American Graduate School of Geography. 

 Hence if the proposed staff of nine research 

 professors is established in 10 or 20 years, that 

 will be doing well, remarkably well. 



The Proper Standard for a Graduate 

 School of Geography 



The dangers to be met are more serious. 

 They will arise chiefly from the pressure and 

 urgency of students, of undergraduate rank 

 geographically, whose needs, indeed, whose de- 

 ficiencies, will tend to divert the professors of 

 the Graduate School proper from their primary 

 duty, research, to a secondary duty, teaching. 

 I must here point out an essential difference 

 between teaching and studying. In secondary 



schools, the teachers must do a great deal of 

 teaching because the pupils are only just learn- 

 ing how to study. In colleges, the teaching by 

 the professors and the studying by the students 

 may about balance each other. In properly 

 constituted graduate schools the properly pre- 

 pared students should be expected to do most 

 of their study by themselves; the duty of the 

 graduate staff of professors is chiefly to set 

 example and pace by doing their own research 

 work, and to give occasional guidance to stu- 

 dents working with them, but not to do set 

 teaching. 



Now the mere announcement that Clark 

 University is going to establish a Graduate 

 School of Geography will attract college grad- 

 uates to come here. Some such graduates will 

 be properly qualified by their previous studies 

 to enter the Graduate School at once, but many 

 of them will come from colleges where the 

 undergraduate teaching of geography is so im- 

 perfectly developed that they will not be suffi- 

 ciently gi-ounded in the elements to enter upon 

 truly advanced work. What shall be done with 

 such students when they arrive here? Mani- 

 festly they should have more undergraduate 

 instruction, but they will not like to be en- 

 rolled with vmdergraduates again. Yet if they 

 are immediately admitted to the Graduate 

 School of Geography, its standard as a school 

 of research will be injuriously lowered. 



I therefore suggest that the present graduate 

 department of the university be continued with- 

 out specification of subjects studied; and that 

 graduates of other colleges on coming here 

 should be enrolled in that graduate department 

 until they have completed the requirements for 

 admission to the Graduate School of Geogra- 

 phy. But even so, the introductory teaching 

 that they will need, as well as the introductory 

 teaching needed by Clark undergraduates who 

 propose to make geography their life work, will 

 demand that a considerable body of under- 

 graduate teaching in geography be offered here ; 

 and for that purpose three professoi-s will be 

 called for at the very least. The danger is that 

 the research professors in the Graduate School 

 of Geography will be drawn into this work. 

 Naturally enough, undergraduate geography 

 will be developed here before the Graduate 



