SCIENCE 



[Vol. LVI, No. 1452 



ECH-COali R-CH-CO2H 



NH2 ~ NHCOCoH4N02(p)~ 

 B-CH-COoH E-CH-CO2H 



NHCCH4NH2 ~ NHCOCGH4N2CI ~ 

 Dyes. 



The oxidation of lactose, d-glucose and d- 

 galactose with potassium permanganate: C. A. 

 BuEHLEK and W. L. Evans, (a) These carbo- 

 hydrates are oxidized 'by permanganate solutions 

 to carbon dioxide, acetic acid and oxalic acid, the 

 presence of the latter being determined by the 

 concentration of the alkali present and also by 

 the time of the reaction. The oxalic acid produc- 

 tion shows a maximum point and the carbon 

 dioxide a minimum point. (6) Mixtures of d- 

 glucose and d-galactose equivalent to a lactose 

 solution of a given concentration are not oxidized 

 to the same amounts of the reaction products as 

 the disaccharide at the same concentration of 

 alkali, (c) The amounts of the reaction products 

 obtained from the two hexoses at 25° and 50° are 

 not the same, while at 75° they are nearly equal. 



Some relationships of the worTc on halogenated 

 phenols: W. H. Hitnter. The work on halo- 

 genated phenols at the University of Minnesota 

 gives promise of giving information on the fol- 

 lowing problems: (1) Substitutes in phenols; 

 (2) oxidation of phenols; (3) reactions of un- 

 saturated radio; (4) rearrangements related to 

 the benzidine rearrangement; (5) relation be- 

 tween para (and ortho) groupings. 



A method of measuring the reactivity of the 

 halogen atoms in organic chlorides: J. B. Conant, 

 W. K. KiKNES and A. C. Glennie. In order to 

 compare the reactivity of a series of chlorides of 

 the types ECH^Gl, R(CHJ„C1 and Il(GHp Gl, 

 it is necessary to have some reaction whose speed 

 can easily be measured and which will not be 

 attended by side reactions. Alkaline reagents and 

 nitrogen compounds are unsuitable, as they cause 

 the formation of unsaturated and cyclic com- 

 pounds. Potassium iodide in acetone solution has 

 been found satisfactory. The reaction giving the 

 corresponding organic iodide proceeds smoothly. 

 The amount of inorganic iodide used up can be 

 determined by titration. The results show that 

 the reaction is bimoleonlar. The temperature co- 

 efficient is about normal. The values so far ob- 

 tained indicate the following relative reactivities 

 at 25° as compared to butyl chloride: BuCl 1.00, 

 MeS(GHJ^Gl 1.64, MeS(CH ),G1 4.5, PhCH^Cl 

 149, NO"c"H CH Gl 11,800, PhOOCH CI 33,200. 



'2042 ' ' 2 ' 



Molecular structure: Benzene, cyclohcxane and 

 naphthalene: Jared Kiktland Morse. Molecular 

 space is considered discontinuous is such a way 

 that the ratio of the distances between any three 

 points on a straight line is rational. For a given 

 molecule the number of these point positions is 

 restricted by the valency condition that all sat- 

 urated atoms (carbon and above in atomic num- 

 ber) have eight valency electrons equidistant from 

 the nucleus. By applying these criteria, models 

 have been constructed for cyclohexane, benzene 

 and naphthalene, from which can be derived the 

 geometric properties of the dynamic isomers, the 

 relations between chemically related compounds 

 and the mechanism by which molecules form 

 crystal lattices. For naphthalene the crystal lat- 

 tice agrees with Bragg 's X-ray measurements but 

 not with his molecular theory. Gyclohexane has a 

 simple cubic lattice containing one molecule, ben- 

 zene a centered orthorhombie lattice containing 

 two molecules. A method for calculating the lat- 

 tice constants, axial ratios and densities of solid 

 benzene and cyclohexane from the density and 

 crystallographie data for naphthalene is given. 

 Cyclohexane: Calc. — lattice constant 5.697 X l^-s 

 cm., density (solid) 0.75. Obs. density (liquid) 

 Young 10.7° 0.78715 M.P. 4.7°. Benzene: Calcu- 

 lated; lattice constants 5.697 X 10-s cm.: 6.996 

 X 10-s cm.; 6.137 X 10"^ cm.; density 1.0531; 

 axial ratios 0.814 : 1 : 0.877. Observed; axial 

 ratios Groth 0.799:1:0.891; density Richards 

 1.0513. Calculated diameter spherical benzene gas 

 molecule 6.86 X lO-s cm. Effective diameter on 

 collision from kinetic theory using Schumann's 

 viscosity measurements vapor 20°, 6.78 X 1*^"* 

 cm. 



Some derivatives of the lactone produced by 

 condensing eyclo-hexene oxide with malonic ester: 

 E. G. Kendall and A. E. Osterberg. Tetra- 

 hydro benzene adds hypochlorous acid to form 

 ortho-chloro-cyclohexanol. This with sodium hy- 

 droxide forms cyclo-hexene oxide, which condenses 

 with sodium malonic ester in the same way that 

 ethylene oxide does. The resulting lactone reacts 

 with additional sodium ethylate giving a product 

 which will react with alkyl halides. The proper- 

 ties of the resulting compounds as well as those 

 of certain nitrogen derivatives obtained from the 

 lactones and ammonia have been studied. 



Derivatives of S, 4-dinitrobenzaldehydc: T. B. 

 Downey with Alexander Lowy. 2,4-Dinitroben- 

 zaldehyde was condensed with a number of aro- 

 matic amines, phenols and their derivatives, giv- 

 ing monomolecular and dimolecular condensation 



