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Carotinoids and Related Pigments 



THE CHROMOLIPOIDS 



By Leroy S. Palmer, Ph.D. 



PROFESSOR OF AGRICULTURAL BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA 



A. G. S. MONOGRAPH No. 9 



Ready November 10th, 1922. 



Con 



Chap. i. General Distribution of Caro- 

 tinoids. The Pigments Defined. 

 Luteins. — Lipochromes. — Lipoxanthins. 

 — Cliromolipoids. — Carotinoids. — Non- 

 carotinoid plant pigments. — Non-caroti- 

 noid animal pigments. 



Chap. 2. Carotinoids in the Phanero- 

 gams. 



The pigments of the carrot.: — Carotinoids 

 in other roots. — Carotinoids in the chloro- 

 plastids. — Separation of yellow pigments 

 from chlorophyll. — Crystalline carotinoids 

 from chloroplastids. — Pleurality of yellow 

 pigments in chloroplastids. — Carotinoids 

 in etiolated leaves. — Carotinoids in nat- 

 urally yellow leaves. — Carotinoids in yel- 

 low autumn leaves. — Carotinoids in au- 

 tumn and winter reddening. — Carotinoids 

 in flowers. — Carotinoids in fruits. — Caro- 

 tinoids in seeds and grains. 



Chap. 3. Carotinoids in the Cryptogams. 

 Carotinoids in the algae. — The Phaso- 

 phyceje. — Fucoxanthin. — The Rhodo- 

 phyces. — The Charales. — The Chloro- 

 phyceK. — The Baccilariaea (Diatomaceas). 

 — The Peridiniese. — The Flagellata. — The 

 Myxophyceje (Cyanophycea:). — Caroti- 

 noids in the fungi. — The Basidiomycetes. 

 — The Ascomycetes. — The Phycomycetes. 



The Myxomycetes. — The Imperfects. — • 



— Carotinoids in Bacteria. 



Chap. 4. Carotinoids in the Vertebr.ates. 

 Carotinoids in mammals. — Corpus luteum. 

 — Blood serum. — Milk fat. — Adipose tis- 

 sue. — Internal organs. — Nerves. — Skin. — 

 Carotinoids in birds. — Egg yolk. — Body 

 tissues. — Retina. — Feathers. — Caroti- 

 noids in fishes. — Carotinoids in amphi- 

 bians. — Carotinoids in reptiles. 



Chap. 5. Carotinoids in Invertebrates. 

 Carotinoids in insects. — Lepidoptera. — 

 Rhynchota. — Coleoptera. — Orthoptera. 

 — Acerata. — Carotinoids in Crustacea. — 

 Carotinoids in Echinoderms. — Carotinoids 

 in molluscs. — Carotinoids in worms. — 

 Carotinoids in sponges. 



Chap. 6. Chemical Relations Between 

 Plant and Animal Carotinoids. 

 Egg yolk xanthophyll. — Corpus luteum 

 carotin. — Crustacea carotin. 



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Chap. 7. Biological Relations Between 

 Plant and Animal Carotinoids. 

 Earlier views for and against a biological 

 relationship.-^lsolated facts supporting a 

 biological relationship. — Experiments 

 proving a biological relationship. — In- 

 sects. — Cattle. — Fowls. — Man. — Dis- 

 tributions of carotinoids among different 

 species. 



Chap. 8. Methods of Isolation of Caro- 

 tinoids. 



Isolation of carotin. — From carrots. — 

 From green leaves. — From animal fat. — 

 From blood serum. — Isolation of xan- 

 thophylls. — From green leaves. — From 

 egg yolk. — From blood serum. — Isolation 

 of lycopin. — Isolation of fucoxanthin. — 

 Isolation of rhodoxanthin. 



Chap. 9. General Properties and Meth- 

 ods of Identification of Carotinoids. 

 Properties of carotinoid solutions. — Caro- 

 tin. — Lycopin. — Xanthophylls. — Rho- 

 doxanthin. — Fucoxanthin. — Properties 

 of crystalline carotinoids. — Carotin. — 

 Other pigmented hydrocarbons. — Xan- 

 thophyll. — Lycopin. — Fucoxanthin. — 

 Methods of identification in biological 

 products. — Plant tissues. — Animal tissues. 



Chap. 10. Quantitative Estimation of 

 Carotinoids. 



Estimation of carotin and xanthophyll. — 

 • i Method of Arnaud. — Arnaud's results. — 

 Method of Monteverde and Lubimenko. 

 — Monteverde's results. — Methods of 

 Willstatter and Stoll.— Results by Will- 

 statter and Stoll's method. — Estimation 

 of fucoxanthin. — Application to other 

 biological materials. 



Chap. ii. Function of Carotinoids in 

 Plants and Animals. 

 Possible function in plants. — Possible 

 function in animals. — Possible relations to 

 vitamins. — Relation between yellow pig- 

 mentation of fowls and egg laying. — 

 Possible relation between yellow pigmen- 

 tation of cattle and milk secretion. 

 Bibliography — Index to Authors — Index 

 to Subjects. 



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