528 



SCIENCE 



[Vol. LVI, No. 1454 



Cauea.sians and some Mongols. It may eventu- 

 ally prove to be a very primitive Caueasoid 

 type, probably related to primitive inhabitants 

 of Micronesia, Indonesia, and to the Aino and 

 some of the primitive American Indians. It is 

 probably the oldest type in Polynesia (except 

 where it was possibly preceded 'by the Melane- 

 sians), and it occupied all of the Polynesian 

 Islands. At present it seems to be strongest 

 in the southern part of Polynesia. 



Type II is characterized by (1) shorter 

 stature, (2) shorter heads, (3) low, broad 

 faces, (4) low, broad noses, (5) wavier hair, 

 (6) undeveloped beard, (7) body hair rare ex- 

 cept on the legs, (8) darker brown skin, (9) 

 incisor rim rare, (10), (11), (12) long bones 

 less flattened (data meager, results inferred), 

 (13) lips well aljove the average in thickness. 

 Type II is the element so often referred to as 

 Malay, aud is undoubtedly the one which has 

 been traced to the region of the Celebes by 

 linguists and ethnologists. Malay is not a 

 suitable name for it, since it is usually restrict- 

 ed to groups more definitely Mongoloid. It ap- 

 proaches somewhat closely Giuffrida-Ruggeri's 

 Indonesian type. This element has contributed 

 some of the negroid characteristics (full lips, 

 dark skin, broad flat noses), usually attributed 

 to Melanesian mixture. The type is strongest 

 in northern and central Polynesia. 



Edward S. Handy, ethnologist of the Bishop 

 Museum staff, and a member of the Dominick 

 Expedition to Tahiti and the Marqiaesas in 

 1920-21, has come to the following conclusions 

 with regard to the general ethnology of Poly- 

 nesia. 



There is a basic Polynesian cultural complex, 

 some of the most important elements in which 

 are: (1) cooking by means of heated stones in 

 ground ovens; (2) the use of stone pestles for 

 pounding food; (3) the use of wood, gourd, 

 and cocoanut shell, rather than pottery, for 

 containers; (4) skillfixl woodworking and 

 carving; (5) tattooing; (6) the making of 

 tapa, or bark cloth; (7) a characteristic rela- 

 tionship system; (S) the customs of adopting 

 ■and betrothing children; (9) S5'stematie agri- 

 culture and fishing, taro and potato cultures; 

 (10) professional craftsmanship and leader- 

 ship in industry; (11) tribal government of 

 simple patriarchal communism; (12) preserv- 



ing heads of enemies as trophies, and canni- 

 balism; (13) ancestor worship, the preserva- 

 tion of genealogies, and the hiding of skeletal 

 remains; (14) inspirational diviners; (15) a 

 speculative creation •mythology conceived on 

 liie principle of dualism, expressed in terms of 

 male and female agencies. This complex was- 

 universally distributed throughout Polynesia; 

 but it is most clearly to be distinguished in the^ 

 hisloric cullures of Isew Zealand and the Mar- 

 quesas, both of which groups may be charac- 

 terized as outposts. These elements being uni- 

 vei-sal, and hest preserved in the marginal' 

 region, may be taken to represent the primitive,., 

 in the sense of original, Polynesian culture.. 

 This we may call Culture A. 



Superimposed on this original culture are- 

 certain other element.s, some of the most im- 

 portant of which are: (1) organized govern- 

 ment; (2) a I'igid social classification; (3> 

 complicated systems of land division and own- 

 ership; (4) great sacreduess of chiefs anw 

 elaborate etiquette; (5) organized dancing as a 

 social and i-eligious institution; (6) organized; 

 religious ceremonial and i^riesthood; (7) a 

 generation cult and seasonal rites; (S) haru- 

 spication. As compared with Culture A, this- 

 culture appears to have been characterized by 

 a higher social and religious, rather than higher- 

 technical, development. This group, with other- 

 associated elements, too numerous to include- 

 here, may be called Culture B. 



It is possible that the elements in Culture R 

 may have resulted by a natural evolution from 

 the primitive Culture A. But it is fai' more- 

 probable that they represent the culture of a 

 second immigrating wave of a people, closely 

 related culturally to those of the first wave. 

 Churchill's analysis of the language led him to- 

 the conclusion that the dialect spoken by the- 

 second wave of migrators to Tonga and Samoa 

 was very closely related to that of the original: 

 settlers. 



A study of Polynesian ethnology recently 

 completed by Ralph Linton indiea-tes that the- 

 material culture of the Marquesans and re- 

 lated groups support entirely the theory of ani 

 original culture and later overlay. The' more 

 important elements which his study adds to 

 the classification given by Dr. Handy are : to 

 Culture A, (1) a rectangular house with end 



