SCIENCE 



[Vol. LVI, No. 1458 



gives satisfactoiy results in solutions of potas- 

 sium chloride. 



The interdependence of solvent and solute in 

 ionization phenomena: James Kendall and 

 Malcolm M. Haking. In a previous communica- 

 tion (Kendall, Proc. Nat. Acad. ScL 7, 56, 1921) 

 it was shown that compound formation and ioniza- 

 tion in solutions proceed in parallel and that sol- 

 vent and solute play an equally active part in 

 ionization phenomena. The present' article dis- 

 cusses the various possible ionic -types which may 

 be produced by the disintegraition of compounds 

 formed when two substances EX and RiT are 

 mixed. Eules are deduced for predietdng the 

 relative amount of each type in any particular 

 case from the character of the radicals concerned, 

 and these rules are demonstrated to be in ac- 

 cordance iviith experimental results chosen from 

 both aqueous and non-aqueous solutions. 



Some unusual freezing -point curves in fused 

 salt mixtures: James Kendall, E. D. Critten- 

 den and H. K. Miller. In the course of a de- 

 tailed study of the factors influencing compound 

 formation and solubility in fused salt mixtures, 

 by which 49 new double salts were isolated, some 

 rather remarkable freezdng-point curves were en- 

 countered. Two illustrative examples are here de- 

 scribed. In the first — the system AlBr3:NaBr — 

 a two liquid layer region exists between 2.6 and 

 16.3 (per cent. NaBr, and the freezing-point curve 

 on either side of this descends from 95.4° to 

 a eutectic point. The solid phase in equilibrium 

 with the two liquid layers must consequently be a 

 double salt of intermediate composiition, unstable 

 at its true melting-point but melting to give two 

 immiscible liquids at 95.4°. In the second type 

 of system, of which SbCl3:8nCl4 is an example, 

 the two liquid layer region is metastable, but 

 approaches so closely to the freezing-point curve 

 as to induce it to become almost horizontal over 

 a very wide range of composition. 



Ferric hydroxide hydrosol: Arthur W. 

 Thomas and A. Frieden (introduced by M. T. 

 Bogert). 



A citraconic analog of quinopMlialone : M. T. 

 Bogert and K. Asano. The well-known dye 

 quinoline yellow (quiinophthalone) is prepared by 

 the action of phithalic anhydride upon quinaldine. 

 It is now found that citraconic anhydride does 

 noit condense smoothly with quinaldine, but that 

 when the imide is used in place of the anhj'dride, 

 a dye analogous to qudnoHne yellow results. 



Diaryl thiophenes and diaryl selenophenes : 

 M. T. Bogert and J. P. Herrera. 2,4-Diaryl 



thiophenes and diaryl selenophenes may be ob- 

 tained in fair yields from ketone anils, of aceto- 

 plienone anil type, iby fusion with sulfur or 

 selenium. The properties of these new compounds 

 and of various derivatives are described. 



Factors governing the distribution of plants in 

 Porto Sico and the Virgin Isla^ids: Nathaniel 

 L. Britton. 



Growth and form: Robert A. Harper. 



Growth and development of children as in- 

 fluenced hy environmental conditions: FranZ 

 Boas. 



Bating prehistoric, man in America hy methods 

 of distrihution and stratigraphy: Clark Wiss- 

 LEK (inrtroduced by F. Boas). 



Measurements on the expression of emotion in 

 music: C. E. Seashore. The wrliter points out 

 that every emotional effect transmitted by the 

 singer or other musician through music is con- 

 tained in the sound wave. This can be inter- 

 cepted and recorded with high precision and the 

 musical effects may then be classified in terms of 

 the measurable attributes of the wave; namely, 

 frequency (pitch), duration (time), amplitude 

 (intensity and volume), form (timbre). All mu- 

 sical expression through sound may be expressed 

 in terms of variables in these four factors. 



Undernutrition and its influences on the meta- 

 bolic plane of steers: Francis G. Benedict and 

 Ernest G. Eitzman. Based upon experiences 

 with humans, who voluntarily underwent ration 

 curtailment, and upon the well-known inequali- 

 ties in the feeding habits of wild animals, a group 

 of 11 steers were' subjected to curtailed rations 

 amounting to approximately one half of their 

 normal maintenance requirements, for a period 

 of about 140 days. Measurements of feces and 

 urine and feed, as well as an extensive series of 

 metabolism measurements inside of a speeiallj- 

 constructed respiration chamber, made it possi- 

 ble to study these animals intensively. The cur- 

 tailed rations resulted in a distinct loss of nitro- 

 gen and fat from the body, but the steers recov- 

 ered their iaitial state by subsequent feeding 

 with hay, concentrates or pasture. Although car- 

 ried through the winter on an extraordinarily low 

 metabolic plane, they suffered no permanent dam- 

 age and all were subsequently fattened for mar- 

 ket. 



The acetonitril test for thyroid and of some 

 alteration of metabolism: Eeid Hunt. (1) 

 Toxicity of acetonitril; effects of undernutrition; 

 diet; vitamins. (2) The acetonitril test for thy- 

 roid; the relation between iodin content and 



