700 



SCIENCE 



[Vol. LVI, Xo. 1459 



eussion of the results from the viewpoioit of un- 

 saturate content, percentage of paraSin and vis- 

 cosity of lubricating stock for both types of dis- 

 tillation follows the experimental results. 



Sulfo-acid todies in lubricating oils: G. L. 

 Oliensis. When lubricating oils are over- 

 treated or prematurely neutralized in the agitator, 

 some sulfo-acid compounds from the sludge are 

 re-incorpor^ted in the oil. The breaking of the 

 resultant emulsion or blowing of the oil to bright- 

 ness causes some of these compounds to go into 

 perfect solution in the oik The Oonradson Demul- 

 sibility and Vacuum Company steam tests then 

 cause these bodies to precipitate as a soapy layer 

 below the oil, thus constituting qualitative tests 

 for such material. Evidence indicates that a 

 foamy layer differs from a homogeneous layer 

 only in concentration. It is indicated that this 

 layer is caused by salts of inorganic acids, etc. 

 The significance of the presence of such material 

 and the usefulness of the Conradson test for its 

 recognition are discussed. 



Calculations of flash iwints: Edwakd Mack, 

 Cecil E. Boord and Harold N. Baeham. 



SYMPOSIUM ON "LUBRICATION FROM THE CHEM- 

 ISTS ' VIEWPOINT ' ' 



Lulricant and asplialtic hydrocarbons in petro- 

 leum: C. E. M.u;ery. The work of this paper is 

 a continuation and expansion of the preliminary 

 notice presented at the Rochester meeting, in 

 which it was stated that an investigation had 

 been begun to ascertain the composition of the 

 part of petroleum that can not be distilled without 

 decomposition. This work is now well advanced 

 and a large number of hydrocarbons have been 

 identified in typical West Virginia, Pennsylvania, 

 Mecca, Texas and Baku oils. The more soluble 

 lubricant hydrocarbons, at least those of lower 

 molecular weight, collect for the greater part in 

 the D series (more soluble) and the heavier as- 

 phalts in the H series (less soluble). The two 

 series differ widely in viscosity and in lubricant 

 quality. Tested on a fractional machine, the D 's 

 are superior in wearing quality to the H's. The 

 highest viscosity is shown by the Mecca D No. 8, 

 the last one of the series, C^gHigs, 5461 seconds, 

 in an Ostwald tube, water standard 0.25 S. at 

 38 C, 100° P., 2780 Saybolt. This paper also 

 gives tables of viscosity, iodine numbers, showing 

 unsaturated hydrocarbons and values by the 

 formolite reaction shovping internal cyclic unsat- 

 uration. 



Viscosity temperature curves of fractions of 



typical American crude oils (Second paper) : 

 E. W. Lane and E. W. Dean. 



Low speed-high pressure friction tests with a 

 Kingsbury machine: W. E. Pabacher and Ron- 

 ald Eeamee. a discussion is given of data on 

 frictional coefScients obtained vntb. a Kingsbury 

 oil-testing machine in which speed was main- 

 tained at 7.4 feet per minute and pressure was 

 varied over the range of 2,000-4,000 pounds per 

 square inch. A number of mineral oils and sev- 

 eral compounded lubricants were studied. 



A graphical study of journal lubrication: 

 H. A. S. HowARTH. This study is based on W. J. 

 Harrison's paper, "The hydrodynamic theory of 

 lubrication." The oil pressures and friction are 

 represented quantitatively by simple diagrams 

 showing the effects of varying the speed, oil vis- 

 cosity, eccentricity and clearance. A few exam- 

 ples are given showing the practical application 

 of this study to the case of a journal surrounded 

 by the bearing. 



The mechanism of partial lubrication: R. E. 

 Wilson. This subject is presented from the 

 standpoint of the author's recently published 

 papers on the subject, and some additional ma- 

 terial is brought forward. 



Notes on the chemical composition of mineral 

 lubricating oils: A. Duston and Thole. 



The origin of petroleum — origin, migration and 

 accumulation of oil and gas: R. E. Somees. The 

 inorganic theories of origin, such as that of 

 Mendeleef, are geologically impossible for large 

 amounts of oil and gas. The organic theories 

 better account for the commercial pools. Effects 

 of geologic alteration continue beyond the first 

 formation of oil and gas and, according to 

 White's laws, lighter fractions are added with 

 increasing pressure and longer time. The geolog- 

 ically older oils are lighter in weight and the 

 younger are heavier. Oil passes from the source 

 bed shales into the reservoirs because of com- 

 pacting of the shales, and perhaps because of a 

 differential capillarity. Accumulation into pools 

 starts when the reservoirs are loose and un- 

 cemented, and is then due principally to differ- 

 ences in specific gravitj' betAveen oil, gas and 

 water. It continues as the reservoirs become 

 cemented, but gravitation is either assisted by 

 other influences, such as gas pressure, or else re- 

 placed by capillarity. 



The probable mother substance of petroleum: 

 Reinhaedt Thiessen. 



Charles L. Parsons, 



Secretary 



