August 1, 1919] 



SCIENCE 



101 



rainfall is very excessive. The faunas of 

 ■western Ecuador and western Colombia are 

 distinctly Amazonian in type and in northern 

 Peru, at Piura, the fauna is Ecuadorian. 

 The species decrease in number from north 

 to south. The exact point where the northern 

 Amazonian fauna disappears and the Chilean 

 fauna begins has not been determined. 



The Titicaca faiuia is distinct and very in- 

 teresting'. N'o other lake of the same altitude 

 has as many species; all of the species of the 

 lake belong' to two genera, Orestias and Py- 

 gidium. Pygidium is a genus of catfishes 

 distributed over all the mountains of South 

 America. The species found in Lake Titi- 

 caca is one of the largest of the genus and 

 of some economic importance. The other 

 genus, Orestias, is confined to the Andean 

 lakes of Peru and Bolivia. There are a num- 

 ber of species in Lake Titicaca ; some of them 

 reach a foot, more or less, in length, and are 

 brought to the markets about the lake. Others 

 are minute, and sold in the markets in the 

 neighborhood dried. Orestias is found north- 

 ward at least to Cerro de Pasco, both in lakes 

 and in stagnant portions of the rivers. It 

 extends down the UriTbamba valley to Ollan- 

 taitambo, and in the Oroya valley at least to 

 Huancayo. It is essentially an Alpine genus, 

 ranging from about Y,000 feet to over 15,000 

 feet in elevation. Considerable effort was 

 made to get species from the lakes near Titi- 

 caca. Wear Ticlio, the crest of the Central 

 Railway of Peru, specimens were secured at 

 an elevation of more than 15,000 feet. 



The expedition had the heartiest coopera- 

 tion of the authorities in both Chile and Peru. 

 In Chile the government provided railway 

 transportation. Professor Maldonado, of the 

 Chilean government, will extend the examina- 

 tion of the Chilean rivers south of Puerto 

 Montt. In Peru, Mr. Cesar Elguera, of the 

 foreign office, took particular interest in the 

 success of the expedition, and provided, 

 through the government, the free entry of the 

 equipment, and passes over the steamship 

 lines between Paita and Mollendo. President 

 Pardo of Peru furnished the expedition with 

 orders to the prefects of Arequipa, Puno and 



of Cuzco to give us all facilities and they 

 carried out the recommendations. The Pre- 

 fect of Cuzco, Colonel Gonzales, took partic- 

 ular interest in the expedition, furnishing 

 a sergeant as companion and interpreter 

 between Quetchua and Spanish. Sergeant 

 Medina carried orders from the prefect au- 

 thorizing him to requisition anything needed 

 by the expedition along its way and became 

 an enthusiastic fisherman. Mr. Morquill, 

 president of the Peruvian Company, gave the 

 expedition passes over all the railways of 

 Peru; and Mr. Blaisdell, manager of the 

 Southern Railway of Peru, supplemented 

 these by orders to the various officials along 

 the line. The cooperation of Mr. Morquill 

 and Mr. Blaisdell meant much more than the 

 saving of railroad fares. 



Of private individuals, Senor Duque, who 

 entertained the expedition at Santa Ana, and 

 Sr. Corazao, at OUantaitambo, deserve first 

 mention. Mr. Rawlins, Mr. Babbit, Mr. Mur- 

 dock and Mr. Emerson, of the Cerro de Pasco 

 Corporation, and Mr. Roper, of the Backus 

 and Johnson Company, helped by supplying 

 horses, living accommodations and beasts to 

 explore the high lakes between Casapalca and 

 Gollalarsquisca. Messrs. Bridge and Wood- 

 bridge, of the Transandean Railway of Chile, 

 provided for a trip to the crest of the Andes 

 in Chile. Mr. Roth helped in various ways on 

 the trip between Puerto Varas and the Argen- 

 tine, and many others helped in one way or 

 another. 



In conclusion, it must be mentioned that 

 President Prado and Professor Rospigliosi, of 

 the University of San Marcos, in addition to 

 numerous courtesies have promised coopera- 

 tion in other expeditions planned for the part 

 of Peru east of the Andes. 



The only item that hampered the expedition 

 was the delay in the iirst instance in render- 

 ing a decision on passports. Passports were 

 then refused. A direct appeal by Indiana 

 University and the University of Illinois to 

 President Wilson brought a commutation of 

 the sentence rendered by the state depart- 

 ment, on charges preferred by a person who 

 in his modesty does not want to be made 



